-ing分詞
1. -ing分詞的構成
-ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。-ing分詞同樣有時態和語態的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例):
主動形式
被動形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構成。如:
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式:
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個學生,他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因為沒有努力學習功課,他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式:
-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據-ing分詞動作發生的時間,-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)。如:
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來沒談起過他被記者采訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以后,他把煙戒了。
注意:在need, want, require, be worth等動詞(短語)后,作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如:
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用
-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1)–ing分詞(短語)作主語:
Laying eggs is the ant queen’’s full-time job. 產卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結構中,-ing分詞也作主語。
①為了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主語,而把真實主語放在句末。如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It’’s a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費時間。
②在There is no結構中,通常用-ing分詞。如:
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2) -ing分詞(短語)作表語:
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
3) -ing分詞作賓語:
①–ing分詞作動詞賓語。如:I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li’’s class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
②-ing分詞作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語,而用it作形式賓語。如:
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎?
③-ing分詞作介詞賓語,經常用在一些短語的后面。如:
I’’m against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦,希望能成為一個著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(對……負責), insist on(堅持), think of(考慮,想到), dream of(夢想), object to(反對,抗議), hear of(聽說), prevent…from(防止,阻止), keep…from(防止,阻止), stop…from(防止,阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依*,依賴), thank…for(因……而道謝), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(獻身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對……感興趣), be ashamed of(對……感到羞愧)等等。