在《動詞與主語必須呼應——動詞的運用有學問》一文里,談到動詞與主語呼應問題,并提出五個指導原則,以避免這方面的錯誤。但是指導歸指導,錯誤還是像不速之客,如影隨形,頻頻來訪。在學生作業中,這種錯誤排列第一。其他場合也常見到動詞與主語不搭配的語病。下面這廣告第一句中的形容詞分句里便出現了這種錯誤:
“Dear Owner/Resident, we have ready buyers who is upgrading.”
根據英語語法規律,形容詞分句(也叫定語從句,adjective clause)里的動詞必須和主句里的先行詞(antecedent)呼應。先行詞是單數,形容詞分句中的動詞便是單數;先行詞是復數,形容詞分句中的動詞便是復數。例如:
① Do you know the woman who is walking the dog?(陪狗散步)
② Those who have performed well in the tournament will be rewarded.
在①里,先行詞 the woman 是單數,形容詞分句里的動詞 is 也是單數。反之,②里的先行詞 those 是復數,who 后面的動詞也是復數 have.
根據這原則,who is upgrading 中的 is 便要改為 are 了。
動詞與主語不呼應的錯誤比比皆是。除了上述例子外,常見的錯誤還有下面幾種類型:
③ Has Mr and Mrs Li decided to emigrate?
④ Do your uncle live in Malaysia?
⑤ There is several beautiful paintings on the wall.
⑥ The news of Henry’s resignation were received with great surprise.
⑦ What we are doing are good for the nation as a whole.
⑧ Someone have forgotten to turn off the light.
在③里,助動詞 has 和復數主語 Mr and Mrs Li 不符,要改為 have.第④句里的 do 和 your uncle 不搭配,要改為 does.第⑤ 句里的 is 和真正主語 paintings 的數不一致,應改為 are.這個句子也可改變為:“Several beautiful paintings are on the wall”。在⑥里的主語 news,其形式是復數,但意思是單數,動詞也要單數的 was received 才行。⑦里的主語是名詞分句(noun clause),是個單數的單位,動詞也要單數的 is,不是 are.在⑧ 里的主語 someone 是單數代名詞,隨后的動詞必須是 has forgotten 才對。
上述動詞和主語不一致的毛病,屢見不鮮;即使英語能力好的人,也難幸免。
下面這句英語很好,但是里面的動詞對嗎?是 has 還是 have 呢?
“Its unique concept and impressive magnitude has made it the talking point of the region.”
既然這句的主語是由 concept 和 magnitude 組成,便是復數,謂語動詞當然也要復數 have 才是。