副詞
什么是副詞
副詞(adverb)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和其他副詞等，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。如：often往往，here這里，very很，quickly很快地。
副詞的構(gòu)成
1)本身就是副詞，如now現(xiàn)在，there那里，rather頗。
2)由形容詞加詞尾-1y變來，如firmly堅(jiān)決地，happi1y幸福地。
3)與形容詞同形
early adj. 早的 early adv. 早
high adj. 高的 high adv. 高高地
long adj. 長(zhǎng)的，長(zhǎng)久的long adv. 長(zhǎng)久地
副詞的種類
副詞可分為下列幾種：
1)普通副詞(ordinary adverb)如：together一起，well好，seriously認(rèn)真地，slowly慢，carefully小心地。
2)疑問副詞(interrogative adverb)如：when何時(shí)，where何地，how如何，why為何。
3)關(guān)系副詞(relative adverb)如：where，when。
4)連接副詞(conjunctive adverb)如：then然后，so所以，there{ore所以，however然而，hence所以，thus這樣，nevertheless然而，otherwise否則，still可是，仍然。
副詞的用法
副詞在句中可用作：
1)狀語(這是副詞在句子中的主要功用)
It is raining hard.雨下得很大。(副詞hard作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞is raining。)
Don’t drive too fast.車子不要開得太快。(fast是副詞，作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞drive，副詞too又修飾副詞fast。)
He speaks English quite well.他英語講得相當(dāng)好。(well修飾動(dòng)詞speaks，quite又修飾副詞well。)
This is a fairly useful tool，這是一件相當(dāng)有用的工具。(fairly修飾形容詞useful)
He has always helped his sister with her homework.他一向幫助他妹妹做家庭作業(yè)。(always修飾動(dòng)詞has helped)
She often went there.她常到那兒去。(often和there均是副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞went。)
Perhaps he will telephone later.也許他以后會(huì)打電話來的。(perhaps是副詞，用以修飾全句。)
2)表語
Is he up?他起床了沒有?
She is out.她出去了。
3)定語
Life here is full of joy.這兒的生活充滿了歡樂。(here修飾名詞life)
副詞的位置
1)修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有三種位置。
2)修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí)，須放在被修飾詞之前。如：
It is a rather difficult job，這是一件頗為困難的工作。(rather修飾形容詞difficult)
He runs very fast.他跑得很快。(very修飾副詞fast)
3)副詞作定語時(shí)，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：
The peasants there are busy digging a canal now.那里的農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在正忙于修水渠。
On my way home，I met groups of Young Pioneers.在回家的路上我遇見成群的少先隊(duì)員。
副詞的比較等級(jí)
和形容詞同形的副詞的形式變化與形容詞完全相同。但以詞尾-1y結(jié)尾的副詞(注意early一詞的-1y不是副詞的詞尾)須用more和most。另外，須注意下面例詞中well，badly的不規(guī)則變化。如：
原級(jí)比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
hard 努力地harderhardest
fast 快faster fastest
well 好better best
badly 壞 worseworst
early 早 earlier earliest
quickly 快 more quicklymost quickly
happily 快樂地 more happily most happily
副詞比較等級(jí)的用法
1)副詞比較級(jí)的用法與形容詞比較級(jí)相似。如：
David drives faster than anyone I know.大衛(wèi)開車比我所知道的任何人都要快。
She plays table tennis better than I.她乒乓球打得比我好。(從句中省略了play table tennis)
Mr. Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others.馬丁先生到辦公室通常比別人早。
They speak less fluently but more correctly than we do.他們講得不如我們流利，但比我們正確。
2)副詞最高級(jí)用法，除副詞前可以不用the外(用the也可以)，其余與形容詞最高級(jí)相同。如：
I work fastest when I’m under pressure.我在有壓力時(shí)工作得最快。
He swims the best in Class One.一班他游泳最好。
比較等級(jí)的一些特殊用法
兩種不同形式
有幾個(gè)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有兩種的比較等級(jí)不同形式，而且意義也不同。
舉例說明：
1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world. 羅馬是世界上最古老的城市之一。
Her eldest daughter is a school teacher.她大女兒是個(gè)教員。
My elder brother is in college. He is two years older than I. 我哥哥在上大學(xué)，他比我大兩歲。
[注]older，oldest說明人的年紀(jì)或事物的年代的久遠(yuǎn)，但在美國(guó)英語里也表示長(zhǎng)幼。
2)They reached the place later than we.他們到達(dá)那兒比我們晚。
Twenty years later he returned to his home village. 二十年后，他回到自己的家鄉(xiāng)。
3)Who spoke last?是誰最后發(fā)言的?
What is the latest news about the sports meet?關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)最近有什么消息?
as...as；not so. . .as或not as...as
1)表示"相等"用as...as。
2)表示"不相等"用not so...as或not as...as。如：
1)This knife is as sharp as that one.這把刀跟那把一樣快。
Bill is as tall as I. 比爾和我一般高。
Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one?這袋大豆跟那袋一樣重嗎?
You know as well as I do.你和我一樣明白。
[注]注意as后面的形容詞如作定語，而被定語修飾的名詞有不定冠詞a時(shí)，冠詞a須放在形容詞之后，如German is as difficult a language as English.(德語和英語一樣難學(xué)。)。這樣的詞序也適用于so，如I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before.(我過去從未見過像桂林這樣美麗的地方。)
2)tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now.天安門廣場(chǎng)過去沒有現(xiàn)在這樣大。
The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific ocean.大西洋沒有太平洋大。
表示"幾倍于"
用twice (兩倍)，three times(三倍)等加as...as..
如：
New York is ten times as big as my home town.紐約有我的家鄉(xiāng)十個(gè)大。
The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966.這家紙廠的生產(chǎn)比一九六六年增加兩倍。
This river is twice as long as that one.這條河比那條河長(zhǎng)一倍。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲比歐洲大三倍。
[注]表示"幾倍于"也可以用下面的說法，如：
Three times three is nine.三乘三得九。
He is twice my age.他的年齡比我大一倍。
This lake is four times the size of that one.這個(gè)湖有那個(gè)湖四個(gè)大。
The irrigated area in this province is four times bigger than in l978.這個(gè)省的灌溉面積比1978年增加三倍。(four times bigger than = four times as big as)
Our county’s agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year.我們縣今年農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量比去年增長(zhǎng)百分之五。
表示程度
可用much，far，still，even，a 1itt1e，no，any，a great deal等狀語來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)。如：
The Yellow River is long，but the Changjiang River is even longer.黃河長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)江更長(zhǎng)。
We are much better off now.我們的生活比過去好得多。
She sings far better than the others.她唱得比別人好得多。
Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang. 王比張高，李比王還高。
[注一]注意下面的一些說法。如：
I couldn’t move a step further，我連一步也走不動(dòng)了。
The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.會(huì)議比平常多開了兩個(gè)鐘頭。
He is a head taller than I.他比我高一個(gè)頭。(也可以說He is taller than me by a head.)
They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他們比我們?cè)缍昼姷竭_(dá)那里。
The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978.
這個(gè)大學(xué)的學(xué)生自一九七八年以來增加了一倍。
Do you want any more? -Yes，give me two more.
你還要嗎?一是的，再給我兩個(gè)。
Have you any more tickets? -Sorry，I have no more.
你還有票嗎? －對(duì)不起，沒有了。
[注二]可用形容詞最高級(jí) + possible或imaginable等詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。如：
I think he is the best possible man for the job.我認(rèn)為他做這工作最合適。(也可以說the best man possible)
Swimming in winter is the best form of exercise imaginable.冬泳是最好的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式。(也可以說the best imaginable form)
