一、概說(shuō)
狀語(yǔ)從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作狀語(yǔ)的從句。按照其意義,狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等。狀語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn),也是歷年高考重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容之一。學(xué)習(xí)狀語(yǔ)從句主要應(yīng)注意引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞的用法與區(qū)別,以及從屬連詞在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中的意義與用法。
二、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞很多,如較基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, assoon as 等:
Things were different when I was a child. 我小時(shí)候情況與現(xiàn)在不同。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我們要趁熱打鐵。
It’s a long time since I met you last. 從上次見(jiàn)到你,已有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他等著一直到她準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)。
除以上基本的引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞外,還有些本來(lái)不是從屬連詞卻可用作從屬連詞的詞:
(1) 表示“一…就”的從屬連詞:the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如:
Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一來(lái)我就把消息告訴了他。
The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道沒(méi)希望了。
We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我們剛出發(fā)就下雨了。
Once he arrives, we can start. 他一來(lái)我們就可以開(kāi)始。
(2) 涉及time的幾個(gè)從屬連詞:every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),anytime(隨時(shí)),the last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:
Every time I see her I’ll think of it. 每次我看到她,我就想起這事。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他講話,他都感到緊張。
He didn’t tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次見(jiàn)到他時(shí)他沒(méi)告訴我。
2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句與及其主句的時(shí)態(tài)
關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題有兩點(diǎn)值得注意:
(1) 當(dāng)主句為將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或具有將來(lái)意義時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義,而不能直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài):
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前關(guān)燈。
I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一來(lái)我就告訴他。
(2) 與since 從句搭配的主句的時(shí)態(tài)通常是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài):
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以來(lái),他就一直住在這兒。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次見(jiàn)到你之后你到哪里去了?
注:在特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中有時(shí)也可能用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或一現(xiàn)在時(shí):
It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見(jiàn)面了。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來(lái)他一直未吃任何東西。
三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞
主要的有if, unless, as [so] long as等:
You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意現(xiàn)在就可以走了。
As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨,我們就可以去。
注:除以上基本的引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞外,還有的動(dòng)詞尤其是其分詞形式(如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等)和介詞短語(yǔ)(如in case, on condition that等)也可用作連詞表示條件:
If case I forget, please remind me about it. 萬(wàn)一我忘記,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐乙幌隆?/p>
I will come on condition (that) she is invited too. 如果邀請(qǐng)她來(lái), 那我就來(lái)。
He may go with us provided [providing] he arrives in time. 他若及時(shí)到,就可以和我們一起走。
Suppose 和supposing 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),通常用于主句為疑問(wèn)句的場(chǎng)合:
Suppose the boss saw you,what would he say? 如果老板看到你,他會(huì)怎樣說(shuō)?
Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不來(lái),是不是不帶他去?
2. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)
當(dāng)主句為將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或具有將來(lái)意時(shí),條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義,而不能直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài):
In case he comes, let me know. 如果他來(lái),告訴我一聲。
I’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨,我就呆在家里。
注:有時(shí)也可見(jiàn)到 if you will 這樣的說(shuō)法,但那不是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),而是表示意愿或委婉的請(qǐng)求(此處的 will是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞):
If you will wait for a moment, I’ll go and tell the manager that you are here. 請(qǐng)等一下,我去告訴經(jīng)理說(shuō)你來(lái)了。