所謂“錯套語法規則”,即指不從語言實際出發,不考慮特定的語言環境,而是機械地套用語法規則,生搬硬套語法的條條框框,同學們如果這樣去學語言,那就難免出錯了。下面請看幾個實例:
◇“Is there _________ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked forleave.”
A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
因為這是疑問句,所以你就按語法規則將此題答案確定為A,你認為你對了嗎?不,錯了。
◇“If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _________ thatI need most.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
因為這是否定句,所以你就按語法規則將此題答案確定為A,你認為你對了嗎?不,錯了。
◇He was sentenced to death _________ what he had stolen from the bank.
A. thatB. sinceC. becauseD. because of
因為空格后是一個從句,所以你就按語法規則將此題答案確定為C,你認為你對了嗎?不,錯了。
規則是死的,語言是活的。同學們學習語言時,應該具體問題具體分析,既要學習語言的規則,又要靈活運用規則。你想知道以上問題的解釋嗎?請往下讀。
1. “Have you seen _________ pen? I left it here this morning.” “Is it _________ black one? I thinkI saw it somewhere.”
A. a, theB. the, the C. a, aD. the, a
【分析】此題容易誤選A,生搬硬套冠詞用法規則:第一次提到某人或某事物用不定冠詞,第二次再提到該人或該事物時用定冠詞。但事實上,此題的第二空 Is it _________ black one? 中的one 并非指前面提到的 pen,即這里的 one 與前面的 pen 并非同一事物。另外,從后面的 I think I sawit somewhere(我想我在哪個地方見過)可知前一句的 black one 不能是特指的,而應是泛指的,故應用不定冠詞。此題正確答案為 C。現在我們來把此題變化一下:
“Have you seen _________ pen? I left it here this morning.” “Is it _________ black one? I foundit in the corner.”
A. a, the B. the, the C. a, aD. the, a
這樣一改,此題的最佳答案就是 A,而不是C了。
請再看一例:
My friend Mary is _________ beautiful girl and _________ girl everyone likes to work with.
A. a, aB. a, theC. the, a D. the, the
【分析】此題很容易誤選B,認為第一次提到 girl 用不定冠詞,第二次提到就應該用定冠詞。但是,句中第二次提到 girl 時并不是特指的,此句實為一省略句,補充完整可視為是:My friendMary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with. 比較以下各例(第二個girl 前用了定冠詞,因為那是特指):
For this he asked a girl, but the girl refused to answered him. 為此他問了一個女孩,但這個女孩拒絕回答他。
The other day he met a beautiful girl in the park and the girl smiled at him. 幾天前他在公園遇到一個女孩,這個女孩沖他笑了笑。
2. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with _________.
A. everything B. anythingC. something D. nothing
【分析】此題容易誤選 B,生搬硬套不定代詞用法規則:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑問句。其實此題應選 A,注意前文的 I agree with most of what you said(我同意你說的大部分內容),其后的not 與 everything 構成部分否定,意為“不是所有的都同意”,前后兩部分用轉折連詞 but 連接,語氣通順、連貫。請看一個類似的例子:
_________ likes money, but money is not _________.
A. Everyone, everything B. Anyone, anything
C. Someone, nothingD. Nobody, everything
答案選A,句意為“人人都喜歡錢,但錢不是萬能”。
3. “Is there _________ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”
A. anybody B. everybodyC. somebodyD. nobody
【分析】此題容易誤選 A,誤認為這是一般疑問句,故用 anybody。其實此題應選B,主要與上下文的語境有關。全文語境為:“大家都到齊了嗎?”“沒有,Bob 和Tim 兩人請假了。”假若我們將此題作如下變換,則情形就會有所不同:
“Is there _________ here?” “Yes, I’m upstairs. Please come and help me.”
A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
【分析】此題的最佳答案應是A,而不是B。
請再看一例:
“Do you have _________ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”
A. something B. anything C. everythingD. nothing
答案選C,句意為“瑪麗,現在家里東西都準備齊了嗎?”“還沒有,我們還要買些水果和茶。”
4. Charles Babbage was considered _________ the first telephone.
A. inventing B. having invented C. to invent D. to have invented
【分析】此題容易誤選A或B,因為許多學生只記住“consider 后接動詞要用動名詞”這一死規則。殊不知,consider可表示“考慮”和“認為”兩個用法,且這兩個用法的句型結構是不同的,即表示“考慮”時,其后不能接不定式,而接動名詞作賓語;表示“認為”時,則其后不接動名詞,但可接不定式的復合結構,即用于“consider+賓語+不定式”的結構,上面一題即為此結構的被動語態形式。所以答案應選C或D,但從時間上看,invent 應在 be considered 之前,故不定式 to invent 應用完成式,即用 to have invented,故選D。