英語(yǔ)中,句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱和數(shù)上和句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。下面結(jié)合高考試題,對(duì)有關(guān)主謂一致的問(wèn)題作一分析。
1. 由 either … or …, neither … nor … , not only … but also …等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和離動(dòng)詞最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
Neither you nor he is to blame.
你和他都不該受責(zé)備。
Not only the students but also the teacher has to memorize the text.
不僅學(xué)生而且老師都要把課文背熟。
Either he or you are to do that work.
不是他就是你要做那項(xiàng)工作。
2. 主語(yǔ)后面跟有 with, together with, but, along with, like, except, besides, including, in addition to, rather than, as well as 等加名詞或代詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式通常和這些短語(yǔ)前面的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
I, as well as they, am ready to help you.
我和他們都樂(lè)意幫助你。
A woman with two children is coming.
一個(gè)婦女帶著兩個(gè)孩子走過(guò)來(lái)了。
Nobody but Tom and Mary was there.
只有湯姆和瑪麗在那里。
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in the work.
一位專家和幾位助手被派去協(xié)助這項(xiàng)工作。
No one except my parents knows anything about it.
除了我父母誰(shuí)也不知道這件事。
3. 由 and 連接的并列名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果主語(yǔ)是指兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)人或物,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果主語(yǔ)是指同一個(gè)人或物,這時(shí), and 后面的名詞前面沒(méi)有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
The secretary and the principal of the school were present at the meeting.
該校的書(shū)記和校長(zhǎng)都出席了會(huì)議。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meething.
該校的書(shū)記兼校長(zhǎng)出席了會(huì)議。
4. 集體名詞如 family, team, group, class, club, committee, audience, public 等用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果側(cè)重一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如果著重集體中的各個(gè)成員,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
His family isn’t very large.
他家人口不多。
His family are all music lovers.
他家的人都喜歡音樂(lè)。
The audience was enormous.
觀眾人數(shù)很多。
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
聽(tīng)了這話,聽(tīng)眾都很感動(dòng)。
5. 在 there 或 here 引起的句子中,如果主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和與其臨近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.
書(shū)桌上有一本書(shū),兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。
Here are a few envelopes, a pen and some paper for you.
這兒有幾個(gè)信封、一支筆和一些紙給你。
6. “ a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:“ the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
有關(guān)這一學(xué)科的書(shū)出版了許多。
The number of the books published on the subject is simply amazing.
有關(guān)這一學(xué)科的書(shū),出版的數(shù)量簡(jiǎn)直驚人。
7. 形式上是單數(shù)而意義上是復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞如 people, police, cattle (牛), poultry (家禽)等用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;形式上是復(fù)數(shù)而意義上是單數(shù)的名詞如 works (工廠), savings (存款), news (新聞), means (方法), politics (政治), economics (經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))等用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
The police are on the track of the criminal.
警察正在追捕那個(gè)罪犯。
The cattle are eating grass on the pasture.
牛正在草場(chǎng)上吃草。
Every means has been tried.
每一種方法都試過(guò)了。
The chemical works is located in the suburb of the city.
那個(gè)化工廠位于城市的郊區(qū)。
8. each 和由 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Each of us has something to say.
我們每個(gè)人都有些話要說(shuō)。
Someone wants to see you at the door.
門(mén)口有個(gè)人想見(jiàn)你。
Nobody knows it.
沒(méi)有人知道這件事。
9. 表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金額、書(shū)名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常當(dāng)作整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:
One hundred miles was covered in a single night.
一夜走了 100 英里。
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
允許有三個(gè)星期的時(shí)間做必要的準(zhǔn)備。
10. “ the +形容詞”一般表示一類人,如 the old (老人), the young (年輕人), the rich (有錢(qián)人,富人), the poor (窮人), the black (黑人), the white (白人), the dead (死者), the living (生者)等,若它們?cè)诰渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
The rich are not always happy.
有錢(qián)的人并不總是快樂(lè)的。
The old are taken good care of.
老年人受到了很好的照料。
11. “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+ of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要與 of 后面的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
About 70 percent of the workers in that factory are young people.
那些工廠 70 %的工人是年輕人。
Only three-fifths of the work was done yesterday by them.
昨天他們只完成了五分之三的工作。
12. 并列的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如:
Early to bed and early to rise makes one happy and wise.
睡得早,起得早,心情愉快身體好。
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
早睡早起是個(gè)好習(xí)慣。
Whether we will go or not matters little.
我們?nèi)ゲ蝗リP(guān)系不大。
13. 在“ one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若復(fù)數(shù)名詞是定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但是,當(dāng) one 前面有 the only , the very 等修飾時(shí), one 是先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如:
She is one of the girls I know who like to speak ill of others behind their backs.
她是我所知道的喜歡在背后說(shuō)別人壞話的女孩之一。
She is the only one of the girls I know who likes to speak ill of others behind their backs.
她是我所知道的女孩中唯一的一個(gè)喜歡在背后說(shuō)別人壞話的女孩。