一、概說
主謂一致指謂語動(dòng)詞必須在人稱與數(shù)的方面與主語保持一致。主謂人稱一致的問題比較簡單,因?yàn)槌齽?dòng)詞be和have有不同的人稱變化外,其他動(dòng)詞只有單數(shù)第三人稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)加詞尾-s 或-es。至于謂語與主語數(shù)的一致問題,則比較復(fù)雜,本章主要討論謂語與主語數(shù)的一致問題。
二、主謂一致的三個(gè)原則
1. 語法一致原則
該原則要求謂語動(dòng)詞必須與主語在語法形式上保持一致,即主語是單數(shù)形式,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式,動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式:
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法語。
2. 意義一致原則
有時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語所表示的概論,而不是其語法形式:
This news is important for us. 這條消息對我們很重要。
Watch out! The police are coming. 當(dāng)心,警察來了。
3. 就近原則
有時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的的數(shù)決定于主語中最靠近它的詞語:
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你錯(cuò)了就是我錯(cuò)了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老師和學(xué)生對此都不感興趣。
三、以集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題
1. 通常用作復(fù)數(shù)的集合名詞
police(警察),people(人),cattle(牛,牲口)等集合名詞,總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時(shí),其謂語要用復(fù)數(shù):
The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her. 人們開始議論她。
Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。
注:goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,且只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義:
Such clothes are very cheap. 那樣的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的貨物都給他們送去了。
2. 只用作單數(shù)的不可數(shù)集合名詞
clothing(衣服),poetry(詩歌),baggage / luggage(行李), furniture(家具),machinery(機(jī)械),scenery(景色),jewellery(珠寶),equipment(設(shè)備)等集合名詞通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞,表示單數(shù)意義,用作主語時(shí),其后謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:
Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他們所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move. 這家具搬起來很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 這個(gè)工廠所有的機(jī)器都是中國產(chǎn)的。
3. 既可表示單數(shù)意義也可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞
family(家庭),team(隊(duì),隊(duì)員),class(班,班上的全體學(xué)生),crowd(人群),government(政府),crew(乘務(wù)員),committee(委員會(huì)),audience(聽眾),public(公眾)等集合名詞,當(dāng)它們表示整體意義時(shí),表單數(shù)意義,當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體意義時(shí),表示復(fù)數(shù)意義:
Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一個(gè)大家庭。
Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league. 這個(gè)隊(duì)在聯(lián)賽中打得最好。
The football team are having baths. 足球隊(duì)隊(duì)員們在洗澡。
It was late, but the audience was increasing. 時(shí)間很遲了,但聽眾人數(shù)卻在增加。
The audience were all moved to tears. 聽眾都感動(dòng)得流了淚。
注:有時(shí)沒有特定的語境,用單復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可以:
The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 觀眾對演出甚感激動(dòng)。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公眾有權(quán)知道這篇報(bào)告的內(nèi)容。