動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)---表示謂語與主語之間的關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式叫做語態(tài)，分為主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)
結(jié)構(gòu):1.行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài): 助動(dòng)詞be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞.
be有人稱.時(shí)態(tài).數(shù)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 一般過去時(shí) was/were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
一般將來時(shí) will +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài): 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
否定式:是在助動(dòng)詞 be 或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not構(gòu)成
疑問式:是把上述助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構(gòu)成.
用法: 1.不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰,或沒有必要或不想指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.
eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者,此時(shí)如想同時(shí)指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,可用“by +動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者(賓格)來表示.
eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.
注 意點(diǎn)： 1.只有及物動(dòng)詞能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài), 不及物動(dòng)詞不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài).
2.某些不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞.副詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞,帶有賓語時(shí),則有了動(dòng)作的承受者,這時(shí)應(yīng)把它們看作一個(gè)整體,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài),不能丟掉其中的介詞,常用的有l(wèi)ook after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.
3.有些動(dòng)詞短語本身即是被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式, 不要再加by 短語,常用的有
be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to
4.某些動(dòng)詞形式是主動(dòng)語態(tài),但含有被動(dòng)的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well.
This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88.
5.主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的相互變化關(guān)系
主動(dòng)句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語(動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者) (動(dòng)作承受者)
被動(dòng)句: 主語 +謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式+ by + 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 (動(dòng)作承受者)
1）主動(dòng)句如何變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句
a.找到動(dòng)作的承受者(常為主動(dòng)句的賓語)作被動(dòng)句的主語.b.找到謂語變?yōu)閎e + 過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu).
c.找到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(常為主動(dòng)句的主語)作 by 的賓語.若不必指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,可省去 by 短語. d.確定be動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).數(shù). 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.
The beautiful kites are made by her. (被動(dòng)句)
2）被動(dòng)句如何變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)句. a.找到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(常為被動(dòng)句的賓語)作主動(dòng)句的主語.
b.找到be+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原為及物動(dòng)詞原形.
c.找到動(dòng)作的承受者(常為被動(dòng)句的主語)作主動(dòng)句的賓語.
d.確定及物動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).數(shù)(注意)在以上轉(zhuǎn)換中,代詞作主語用主格, 代詞作賓語用賓格.
6.主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有些動(dòng)詞如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)要帶上to
He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.
7.主動(dòng)語態(tài)中若有雙賓語,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 通常把指人的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.
練習(xí)題:
把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little later.
2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women.
3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? → ___this kind of truck _____ in Nanjing?
4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.
5.Can I answer this question in simple English? →_____this question __ ______ in simple English?
6.You may clean the room after work. → The room may _____ _______ after work.
思考題:
1.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. → Brooms___ ___for sweeping the floor.
2. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year.
→ Quite a few tall buildings ___ _____ in their hometown last year.
3. You must not put the bike there. → The bike ___ ____ _____there.
4. Can you see the stars in the daytime? → Can the stars _____ __in the daytime?
