一定要知道的英語語法

1. 形容詞的位置：

代名形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞

再細分如下：

1放在冠詞前的形容詞(all, both, such...)+2冠詞、指示形容詞、所有形容詞、不定形容詞(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)+3序數(shù)(first, second...)+4基數(shù)(one, two...)+5性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)(kind, fine, good...)+6大小、長短、形狀(large, small, big...)+7新舊、溫度(old, new, hot...)+8顏色(red, blue...)+9國籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)+10材料(iron, brick, stone...)+11名詞、動名詞(boy, house...)

2. some和any的用法：

(1)兩者修飾可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，表某一個;任何一個; 修飾可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，表一些;有些。

〔2)一般的用法：some用于肯定句;any用于疑問句，否定句或條件句。

I am looking for some matches.

Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.

〔3)特殊的用法：

(A) 在期望對方肯定的回答時，問句也用some。

Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)

(B) any表任何或任何一個時，也可用于肯定句。

Come any day you like.

(4)some和any后沒有名詞時，當做代名詞， 此外兩者也可做副詞。

Some of them are my students.〔代名詞)

Is your mother any better?(副詞)

3. many和much的用法：

〔1)many修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表許多; much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。

He has many friends, but few true ones.

There hasn’t been much good weather recently.

(2)many a:

many a和many同義，但語氣比較強，并且要與單數(shù)名詞及單數(shù)形動詞連用。

Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)

〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like時, 只用so many。

These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.

They worked like so many ants.

(4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。

He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)

I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)

(5)many和much之后不接名詞時，作為代名詞;另外much也可用副詞。

Many of them were very tired.

I don’t eat much for lunch. 〔代名詞)

He is much taller than I. (副詞〕

4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：

(1) (a) few用在復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，(a) little用在不可數(shù)名詞之前。

He took a few biscuits. (=several)

He took few biscuits(=not many)

He took a little butter. (=some)

He took little butter. (=not much)

(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。

The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.

Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.

(3) a few相當于some, several, 含肯定的意味。

He has a few (=some or several) friends.

(4) a little和little之間的差別，就和a few和few的差別一樣，只是(a) little須修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。

He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.

He is not much better, but there is a little hope.

5. 其他的數(shù)量形容詞：

(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表許多，修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。

The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(復數(shù)名詞)

The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可數(shù)名詞)

(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量)， 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)

(3) a number of “許多;一些”;a great (large, good) number of “許多”，修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且要與復數(shù)動詞連用。

A number of books are missing from the library.

The number of books from the library is large.

(the number of +復數(shù)名詞←→單數(shù)動詞)

The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)

(4) enough的用法：

(A) 可接復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

There are enough chairs. (可數(shù))

There is enough furniture. (不可數(shù))

(B) 可放在年修飾名詞的前后。

We don’t have enough time. =We don’t have time enough.

(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

冠詞或數(shù)詞(one, two...) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞

(6) the rest of “其余的”， 可接復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，作主詞時，接可數(shù)名詞則用復數(shù)動詞，接不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)動詞。

The rest of the students are absent. (復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)

The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可數(shù)名詞)

注：the rest作代名詞， 等于 the others， 和復數(shù)動詞連用。

6. 不可名詞量的表示語：

(1) 不可數(shù)名詞可加表單位的形容片語，表示數(shù)的觀念。其公式為：

數(shù)詞+單位詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞

(2) 各類表單位的形容詞片語。

(A) 物質(zhì)名詞：

a piece (suit) of armour;

a piece (slice) of cake;

a piece (an article) of furniture;

a piece of jewelry;

a piece (sheet) of paper;

a cake of soap;

a piece (slice) of bacon;

a piece (stick) of chalk;

a bit (blade) of grass;

a piece (strip) of land;

a bit (grain) of rice;

a bowl of soup;

(B) 抽象名詞

a word of abuse;

an item (a bit) of business;

an attack of fever;

a bit (an amount) of interest;

a fit of passion;

a piece (word) of advice;

a piece of evidence;

a piece (an item) of information;

a piece (an item) of news;

(C) 自然現(xiàn)象：

a flash of lightening;

a bolt of thunder;

7. 名詞種類的表示語：kind of, sort of, type of,

(1) 三者都可接可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，其后的冠詞a (an)常被省略。

What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?

I don’t like that sort of game.

(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.

I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.

(3) 比較下列用法：(加*表非正式用法)

I don’t like this (*those) kind of person.

I don’t like many (or these) kinds of roses.

I like this kind of flower.

I like flowers of this kind.

I like *these kind of flowers.

I like this kind of roses.

I like roses of this kind. (置名詞后更強調(diào)種類)

I like roses of these kinds.(置名詞后更強調(diào)種類)

8. 數(shù)詞：

(1) 基數(shù)(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...

(A) 除one接單數(shù)名詞外，其余均接復數(shù)名詞。

He has one sister and three brothers.

(B) hundred的后面須加and(但可以省略)。

12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;

(2) 序數(shù)(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...

(A) 序數(shù)前面必須附以定冠詞。而a second, a third等，則是another的意思。

(B) 日期多用序數(shù)。

It’s on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).

(C) 序數(shù)的簡體。

9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;

(3) 分數(shù)：

(A) 分數(shù)的表示法：第一，分子用基數(shù)，分母用序數(shù)。第二，分子大于2時，分母須加“s”以形成復數(shù)。

1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;

(B) 分數(shù)可接與不可數(shù)名詞;所接的名詞是單數(shù)，則與單數(shù)動詞連用，是復數(shù)則與復數(shù)動詞連用。

A third of the peach was bad.

A third of the bananas were bad.

(4) 倍數(shù)詞：常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。

(A) half a, a half, half the +名詞，表(一半的)。

He ran a half mile in half an hour.

He ran half a mile in half an hour.

I have read half the book.

(B) half還可作名詞，代名詞及副詞。

Two halves make a whole. (名詞)

This is half as much again as that. (副詞)

(C) 倍數(shù)常用的表達法：

(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) +定冠詞或所有形容詞+名詞或所有代名詞

I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.

That window is three times the size of this.

9. “數(shù)詞+名詞”結(jié)合而成的形容詞：

(1) 數(shù)詞+名詞=形容詞

a five-dollar bill;

two three-hour periods;

the Three-power Conference(三強會議);

(2) 數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞=形容詞

a six-year-old boy;

a three-hundred-year-old tree;

注：上述的復合字是以hyphen(-)連結(jié)，而且其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式。

(3) 名詞(無冠詞)+基數(shù)=the +序數(shù)+名詞

World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;

Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;

Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;

Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;

Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;

Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;

cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;

(這幾種用法，非專有名詞，可不用大寫，但等號兩邊須一致。〕