一、 當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，謂語的形式叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be +過去分詞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過 be 表現(xiàn)出來。例如：
1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：You are required to do this.
2 一般過去時(shí)：The window was broken by Xiao Ming.
3 一般將來時(shí)：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：The road is being widened.
5 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：The new tool was being made.
6 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：The door has been painted.
7 過去完成時(shí)：He said that the work had been finished.
8 過去將來時(shí)：He said that the trees would be planted.
二、一些特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1 、帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：
The problem must be solved soon. 這個(gè)問題必須盡快解決。
2 、帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：
Betty has never been heard to speak ill of others. 從未聽到貝蒂說別人壞話。
This task needs to be done with great care.這項(xiàng)工作必須認(rèn)真去做。
3 、短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：
短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種：
1)(不及物)動(dòng)詞+介詞：若這類短語動(dòng)詞是及物的，則可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：look at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若這類短語動(dòng)詞是不及物的，則不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：look up, look down 等。
His plan was well thought of. 他的計(jì)劃受很高評(píng)價(jià)。
2)(及物)動(dòng)詞+副詞：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out 等。
The secret was soon found out. 秘密很快被查出。
3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for, put up with 等。
Nobody likes to be looked down upon. 沒有人喜歡受歧視。
4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞：catch sight of, keep an eye on, fix one’s eyes upon, make a fool of, make use of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take notice of 等。
Every use should be made of our spare time. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用業(yè)余時(shí)間。
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 你應(yīng)該注意發(fā)音。
4 、帶復(fù)合賓語的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改成主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語后面。例如：
We always keep the classroom clean. --- The classroom is always kept clean.
5 、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的常見詞有：
1)動(dòng)詞want, need, require 后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式，這時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞和句中主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而不定式需用被動(dòng)式。例如：
The children need looking after/.to be looked after. 孩子們需要照顧。
The window wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 窗戶需要清洗。
2)有些及物動(dòng)詞后須加副詞(如well, easily 等)有些可不加如act, clean, cut, draw, keep, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write, measure, weigh 等。例如：
The cloth washes/sells well. 這布很經(jīng)洗(很暢銷)。
The door won’t shut. 這門關(guān)不上。The play won’t act.這戲不宜上演。
The street measures twenty meters wide. 街道寬20米。
3) 形容詞 worth 后直接加動(dòng)名詞時(shí)。例如：
The book is worth reading a second time.這本書值得再次閱讀。
4)某些作表語的形容詞后用不定式主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。例如：
The fish is not fit to eat.這種魚不宜食用。
5)某些感官動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞(如feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear 等)與形容詞連用時(shí)。如：
The body of a hibernating animal feels very cold. 冬眠動(dòng)物的身體摸上去很涼。
The dish tastes delicious.這道菜嘗起來非常可口。
6、 以下動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的句子不能改為被動(dòng)句：
1)動(dòng)詞 leave, enter, reach 等的賓語是表示處所、地點(diǎn)等。
He left hometown when he was five. 他五歲時(shí)就離開了家鄉(xiāng)。
He entered the office without being permitted. 他未經(jīng)許可就進(jìn)了辦公室。
2)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如 become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like 等。
Two added to five equals seven. 二加五等于七。
Mary looks much like her mother. 瑪麗看起來非常象她母親。
3)以下不及物動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞：appear, belong to, break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, consist of, have on, keep up with 及一些固定詞組，如keep words, lose heart, make a face 等。
China is a developing country belonging to the third world. 中國是個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，屬于第三世界
Don’t lost heart, and you will succeed sooner or later. 不要灰心，你遲早會(huì)成功的。
Do you know the story taking place in our class? 你知道我們班發(fā)生的故事嗎?
4)賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，抽象名詞等。
He admired himself long in the mirror.他長時(shí)間地打量著鏡子中的自己。
We are now living a happy life.我們現(xiàn)在過著幸福生活。
The moment they got home, it began to snow.他們剛一到家，天就下起雪來。
7、 漢語有一些句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英文中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。例如：
據(jù)說--- It is said that... 希望--- It is hoped that...
有人相信--- It is believed that... 眾所周知---It is known that...
大家認(rèn)為--- It is considered that... 拒推測--- It is supposed that...
It is said that he is very rich.--- He is said to de very rich. 據(jù)說他很富有。
8 、被動(dòng)語態(tài)除了be +過去分詞以外還有 get +及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞形式。例如：
I tried to find my way through the forest without a map and got lost. 我試圖不帶地圖在森林中通過，結(jié)果迷了路。
The girl is to be get married to a rich businessman. 這位女士打算嫁給一位富商。
