想當(dāng)然類錯(cuò)誤
所謂想當(dāng)然,即憑主觀推測(cè)認(rèn)為事情大概如此或應(yīng)該如此。既然是憑主觀作出的推測(cè),自然就難免有出錯(cuò)的時(shí)候。有趣的是,犯想當(dāng)然錯(cuò)誤的不僅僅是我們的同學(xué)們,有時(shí)也可能是教師甚至專家們。
我們首先來(lái)看一例專家犯的想當(dāng)然錯(cuò)誤:國(guó)內(nèi)不少詞典曾把 eatone’s words 譯為“食言”,但是我們查《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》,“食言”指不履行諾言或失信,而英語(yǔ)中eat one’s words是什么意思呢? 我們查《朗文當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)詞典》,eat one’s words的意思 to admit to having said something wrong (承認(rèn)說(shuō)過(guò)錯(cuò)誤的話);再查《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(第四版),eat one’s words 的意思是 to admit that what one said waswrong(承認(rèn)自己說(shuō)錯(cuò)話)。很顯然,將 eat one’s words 譯為漢語(yǔ)的“食言”是不對(duì)的,是想當(dāng)然譯出來(lái)的。
筆者曾在一本雜志讀過(guò)這樣一個(gè)笑話,說(shuō)的是一位英國(guó)著名的翻譯家在翻譯我國(guó)的古典名著《水滸傳》時(shí),遇上了這樣一句“放你媽的狗屁”,他竟想當(dāng)?shù)貙⑵渥g為Your mother passes wind like adog (你媽媽放屁像狗一樣),真是天大的笑話。
下面我們?cè)賮?lái)看看同學(xué)經(jīng)常犯的想當(dāng)然錯(cuò)誤吧:
◇Every minute should be made full use of _________ the lessons.
A. to studyB. studyC. studying D. studied
一看題干,許多同學(xué)會(huì)想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為此題肯定選C,因?yàn)榭崭袂坝薪樵~ of,其后的動(dòng)詞 study 用作介詞 of 的賓語(yǔ),當(dāng)然要用動(dòng)名詞。你真的這樣認(rèn)為嗎?那你就錯(cuò)了。
◇_________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
A. He B. It C. That D. What
【分析】此題的最佳答案是B嗎?句首應(yīng)填一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ) it 嗎?如果你這樣想,又錯(cuò)了。為什么?
本節(jié)為同學(xué)們搜集了不少想當(dāng)然錯(cuò)誤的典型例題,快快往下讀吧。
1.下面這道題:
If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you.
A. asB. which C. whatD. that
【分析】此題容易誤選 A或B,想當(dāng)然地根據(jù)空格前的逗號(hào)認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。這樣分析的同學(xué),主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選D,逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,逗號(hào)后是該狀語(yǔ)從句的主句,that 在此代表前文所述的意思,用作主句的主語(yǔ)。同樣地,下面幾題也應(yīng)選 that,而不選 which:
(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.
A. asB. which C. whatD. that
(2) If you want to go, _________is quite all right with me.
A. thatB. which C. and it D. so
(3) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.
A. asB. which C. whatD. that
(4) If you want a double room , _________ will cost another £15.
A. asB. which C.whatD. that
(5) If you have the money, _________ will be OK.
A. asB. which C. and it D. that
下例也選 that 而不選 which,其中 that 表示“那”:
Unless I’m very much mistaken, _________ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. asB. which C. whatD. that
2. _________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
A. He B. It C. ThatD. What
【分析】此題容易誤選B,認(rèn)為這是考查形式主語(yǔ)。其實(shí),此題的正確答案是D,句首的 What ishard 是主語(yǔ)從句,注意 what is hard 后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is。假若沒(méi)有此 is,則應(yīng)選B,即說(shuō)成 It is hardto do good all one’s life and never do anything bad. 請(qǐng)做以下類似試題(答案均為C):
(1)a. _________ is difficult to persuade her to stay.
b. _________ is difficult is to persuade her to stay.
A. It, It B. What, WhatC. It, What D. What, It
(2)a. _________ is interesting to watch children play games.
b. _________ is interesting is to watch children play games.
A. It, It B. What, WhatC. It, What D. What, It
(3)a. _________ is dangerous to play with fire.
b. _________ is dangerous is to play with fire.
A. It, It B. What, WhatC. It, What D. What, It
3. The chemistry teacher required the students _________ more attention _________ the labclean.
A. to pay, to keepB. to paying, to keeping
C. to pay, to keeping D. paying, keeping
【分析】此題容易誤選A,認(rèn)為空白處應(yīng)填兩個(gè)不定式。其實(shí)正確答案是C,第一空填不定式,即套用 require sb to do sth (要求某人做某事)句型,而第二空則應(yīng)填 to keeping,因?yàn)?pay attentionto(注意)中的to 是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),所以其后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。類似地,以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的 to 也是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞,而不是動(dòng)詞原形:
devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的時(shí)間用于(奉獻(xiàn)于)做某事
be [get] used to doing sth習(xí)慣于做某事
be equal to doing sth 等于做某事,能勝任做某事
What do you say to doing sth 你認(rèn)為做某事怎么樣
be accustomed to doing sth 習(xí)慣于做某事
look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
be opposed to doing sth 反對(duì)做某事
object to doing sth反對(duì)做某事
stick to doing sth 堅(jiān)持做某事
get down to doing sth 開(kāi)始做某事
take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事
admit to doing 承認(rèn)做了某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
4. _________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. Walk B. WalkingC. The walk D. To walk
用作名詞的 walk表示“散步”,是可數(shù)名詞,指的是一次一次的具體的散步,而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“散步”,要表示此義,須用動(dòng)名詞 walking。比較:
Let’s go out for a walk. 我們出去散散步吧。
Walking does good to your health. 散步對(duì)你的健康有益。
類似地, dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的區(qū)別也是一樣:
(1) 名詞的 dance表示“跳舞”,是可數(shù)名詞,指的是一次一次的具體的跳舞,而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“跳舞”,要表示后者的意思,要用動(dòng)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞 dancing。比較:
Let’s have one more dance before we go home. 我們回家前再跳一曲舞吧。
Now most of the young people are fond of dancing. 現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)年輕人都喜歡跳舞。
(2) 名詞的 swim表示“游泳”,是可數(shù)名詞,指的是一次一次的具體的游泳,而不表示抽象意義或泛指意義的“游泳”,要表示后者的意思,要用動(dòng)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞 dancing。比較:
I’ll take you for a swim. 我將帶你去游泳。
Do you think swimming is allowed in this pool? 你認(rèn)為這個(gè)水池允許游泳嗎?
5. “Is your car equal _________ hers in speed?” “No, mine is faster. But my old one equals _________ hers in speed.”
A. to, to B. 不填,不填C. to, 不填D. 不填,to
【分析】此題容易誤選A 或B,其實(shí)應(yīng)選C。第一空前的equal 是形容詞,用于be equal to 時(shí),表示“等于”;第二空前的 equal 是動(dòng)詞,且為及物動(dòng)詞,意為“等于……”或“與……相等”,注意不要受形容詞用法的影響,在用作動(dòng)詞的 equal 后誤加介詞 to。
6. I was excited at his idea _________ rid of the habit _________.
A. to get, to smokeB. of getting, of smoking
C. to get, of smoking D. of getting, to smoke
【分析】此題容易誤選A,許多同學(xué)認(rèn)為 one’s idea to do sth, the habit to do sth 等結(jié)構(gòu)讀起來(lái)很順口的,感覺(jué)也是對(duì)的。其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。英語(yǔ)中有些名詞(如time 時(shí)間,wish 想法, courage 勇氣,decision 決定,ambition 雄心,等)后習(xí)慣上接不定式作定語(yǔ),有些名詞(如 idea 想法,habit 習(xí)慣,hope 希望, danger 危險(xiǎn),possibility 可能性,等)后習(xí)慣上接“of+動(dòng)名詞”作定語(yǔ),而有些名詞(如 way 方法,chance 機(jī)會(huì),opportunity 機(jī)會(huì),等)則兩類結(jié)構(gòu)均可接。如:
I have no wish to go. 我不想去。
I have no hope of going. 我沒(méi)有去的希望。
This is the best way to do [of doing] it. 這是做此事最好的方法。
7. They insisted _________ a car over to fetch us.
A. to sendB. sendingC. on sending D. in sending
很多同學(xué)想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為 insist 后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,從而誤選B。其實(shí)動(dòng)詞 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接動(dòng)名詞,因?yàn)閕nsist 通常用作不及物動(dòng)詞;若語(yǔ)義上需接賓語(yǔ),要借助介詞 on或upon,即用于 insist on [upon] (doing) sth;有時(shí)它也用作及物動(dòng)詞,但其賓語(yǔ)通常只能是 that 從句,而不能是普通的名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。有的同學(xué)可能是根據(jù) insist on doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu),想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為 insist 后要接動(dòng)名詞,忽略了其間的介詞 on。正確答案應(yīng)選C。
8. When I entered she was reading _________ newspaper, with _________ in her eyes.
A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tearsD. a piece of, tear
【分析】此題容易誤選D,想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為news (消息)和 paper(紙)均為不可數(shù)名詞,所以newspaper(報(bào)紙)也應(yīng)是不可數(shù)名詞;同時(shí)認(rèn)為“眼淚”即“淚水”,“水”不可數(shù),“淚水”和“眼淚”也應(yīng)該不可數(shù)。但非常有趣,newspaper(報(bào)紙)和 tear(眼淚)卻是兩個(gè)可數(shù)名詞,如可說(shuō) anewspaper, two newspapers, a tear, two tears 等。注:若不是將 newspaper 當(dāng)作是供閱讀或傳遞信息的一種東西,而只是把它當(dāng)成一種“紙”來(lái)看待,也可用作不可數(shù)名詞,如:Wrap it in (a sheetof) newspaper. 把它用張報(bào)紙包起來(lái)。