內(nèi) 容 提 要
動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非限定性動(dòng)詞，由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，但它還是屬于動(dòng)詞，所以它本身可以帶賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，還可用在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，而且有完成式、進(jìn)行式、完成進(jìn)行式和否定形式。動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進(jìn)行式。動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊情況也要掌握。
I 動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成與形式
一、動(dòng)詞不定式的概念：動(dòng)詞不定式指由to 加上動(dòng)詞原形(而且只能是動(dòng)詞原形)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)1) 、賓語(yǔ)2)、表語(yǔ)3)、定語(yǔ)4) 和狀語(yǔ)5)
1) education is the principal way of gaining status in a culture that generally stresses achievement，skillfulness，and upward mobility.
[A] To acquire
[B] Acquire
[C] Acquires
[D] Have acquired
2) We are planning for the entrance examination for postgraduate.
[A] registering
[B] register
[C] to register
[D] registered
3) The most urgent problem now we are facing is to learn the needed materials for the matriculation of postgraduate.
[A] make our every effort
[B] to make our every effort
[C] to our every effort
[D] made our efforts
4) —Where should I send my application?
—The Personnel Office is the place it to.
[A] sends
[B] be sended
[C] to be sended
[D] to send
5) from others, one should take his promise.
[A] To get confidence
[B] To getting confidence
[C] To get confidences
[D] Getting to the confidence
說(shuō)明：以上五句中的斜體是其動(dòng)詞不定式的附屬部分。
二、動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成與形式： 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作以上各種成分，但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞，所以有動(dòng)詞的屬性
動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語(yǔ)還可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)[2)和4)中的斜體部分]和狀語(yǔ)[5)中的斜體部分]。雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有表面上的直接主語(yǔ)，但它表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作一定由使動(dòng)者發(fā)出。這一使動(dòng)者我們稱之為 邏輯主語(yǔ) 。考研題中，語(yǔ)法中所考動(dòng)詞不定式部分包括檢測(cè)考生是否掌握動(dòng)詞不定式與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的一致，其中主要包括它們之間 主動(dòng)和被動(dòng) 的關(guān)系以及 它們?cè)跁r(shí)間上的一致 ，同時(shí)動(dòng)詞不定式還有其否定形式。所有這些涉及到動(dòng)詞不定式的各種形式。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞make為例，其形式如下：
主動(dòng)形式
被動(dòng)形式
一般式
(not) to make
(not) to be made
完成式
(not) to have made
(not) to have been made
進(jìn)行式
(not) to be making
完成進(jìn)行式
(not) to have been making
6) Some [A] types of naphtha(石油腦) are employed to dissolving [B] rubber [C] and to thin paints and [D] varnish.
7) The Statue of Liberty was originally [A] proposed [B] in 1865 to commemoration [C] the alliance [D] of France with the American colonies during the American Revolution.
8) The purpose [A] of inductive logic [B] is to inferring [C] general laws from particular occurrences [D] .
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。
2) C為正確答案。
3) B為正確答案。
4) D為正確答案。
5) A為正確答案。
6) B錯(cuò)。改用動(dòng)詞原形“dissolve”，不定式符號(hào)“to”后只能出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞原形。
7) C錯(cuò)。改為“commemorate”。
8) C錯(cuò)。改為“to infer”，注意句子的主語(yǔ)為“purpose”(目的) 。
II 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法
一、 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)
1. 不定式前置
1) Derive [A] mineral resources from [B] sedimentary rock [C] is a [D] major modern industrial activity.
2) in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is realy a hard nut.
[A] To make high scores
[B] To make low goal
[C] To the high scores
[D] Make the low goals
2. 上述形式一般情況不多見(jiàn)，作為考試的規(guī)范英語(yǔ)，如果不定式較長(zhǎng)，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞“it”作形式主語(yǔ)(形式主語(yǔ)“it”不能由“that”或“this”等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面
It is really a hard nut to get high scores in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time.
3) John admitted that it’s always difficult .
[A] for him being on time
[B] being on time for him
[C] for him to be on time
[D] on time for him
4) It is difficult for me [A] to be concentrating [B] while someone [C] is using [D] a vacuum cleaner.
3. 不定式后置的情況不僅限于動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，也適用于其他動(dòng)詞
It took us a great deal of efforts to finish that task.
It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.
4. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，即不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，通常可以在特定的上下文中能看出，也可以通過(guò)帶“for +名詞短語(yǔ)”辨出
It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review(總復(fù)習(xí)).
It is not difficult for those who study maths well to pass the exam.
5. 在某些形容詞(如careless,clever,considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)
It is very kind of you to help me./It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
間或也可用for + there to be 表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.
二、 不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式;另一種是“動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式”
1. 動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, believe, care, claim, decide, decline(拒絕), demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, mean(想要), offer(表示愿意做…), pretend, promise, refuse, seek(試圖), swear, undertake, wish(想要)等。
5) We refuse that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults(銀行保管庫(kù)) of this nation.
[A] to believe
[B] to be belived
[C] beliving
[D] have belived
6) The green turtle has been known over 2，000 miles to return to a nesting site.
[A] in the navigating
[B] the navigation
[C] to navigate
[D] navigation
7) For the [A] first time Venusian scientists managed landing [B] a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending [C] back signals as well as [D] photographs ever since.
8) The day is past when Chinese universities and colleges to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned.
[A] afforded
[B] affording
[C] to afford
[D] can afford
從上例我們可以看出afford一般與can和can’t或could和couldn’t連用。
