分詞在英語學習中,是較高檔的語法知識,也一直是英語教學過程中一大難點。本文旨在提供一些易出錯和難掌握的題型的注意事項,幫助同學們更好的把握分詞的使用。
學習分詞時除要注意現在分詞表示主動與進行、過去分詞表示被動與完成外,還須注意以下事項:
一、明確分詞的邏輯主語
分詞是非謂語動詞之一,但它可以有自己邏輯主語。知道了其邏輯主語,那么用現在分詞還是用過去分詞就有依據了。
分詞在句子中可作狀語、定語、賓補及表語。
1. 分詞作狀語時,與主句的主語比較。
如:Compared with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful. 與那舊樓相比,這新樓看起來更美。(分詞部分相當于When the new building is compared with the old one, 與主語比較,是被動的,所以用過去分詞。)
Comparing the new building with the old one, we find that the new one looks more beautiful. (如果我們)把新樓與舊樓作一比較,我們就會發現新樓看起來更美。(If we compare the new building with the old one, we ... 與主語比較,是主動的,所以用現在分詞。)
2. 分詞作定語時,與被修飾的詞比較。
如:People living in the city do not know the pleasure of country life. (生活在城市里的人不知道鄉村生活的樂趣。)People 與live是主動關系的,所以用現在分詞。
如:The reduced price will save you one dollar for each dozen. (下調了的價格每一打將能節省你一個美元。) price與reduce是被動關系的,所以用過去分詞。
3. 分詞作賓補時,與賓語比較。
如:When I got there, I found him repairing farm tools. 當我到達那里時,我發現他正在修理農具。賓語him是repair這一動作的執行者,是主謂關系,所以用現在分詞。
When I got there, I found the farm tools repaired. 當我到達那里時,我發現農具被修好了。賓語farm tools是repair的承受者,是動賓關系,所以用過去分詞。
4.分詞作表語,與主語比較。
如:The film is exciting. 這電影令人感到激動。excite這動作是電影發出的,所以用現在分詞。
The boys were excited when they heard the exciting news. 這些男孩聽到這激動人心的消息,感到很激動。(the boys是excite這一動作的承受者,所以用過去分詞。)
二、分詞替換從句,主語必須一致
如:While he was watching TV, he heard a knock at the door. 正當他在看電視時,他聽到有人敲門。(可以用分詞改寫,因為兩個主語一致。) ---(While) Watching TV, he heard a knock at the door.
注意:While he was watching TV, someone knocked at the door.正當他在看電視時,有人敲門。 (此句不可用分詞替換從句,因為句中的兩個主語不一致。)
As it was Sunday, they went out for a picnic. 從句與主句的主語不一致時,保留從句中的主語,再用分詞改寫: It being Sunday, they went out for a picnic. 這種用法屬于獨立主格結構。
三、短暫性動詞的一般式也可表先后
分詞有二種時態:一般式和完成式。一般式通常表示與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作無先后;完成式則強調分詞所表示的動作先于謂語動詞所表示的動作。 如:While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.(無先后)
Having done his homework, he turned off the light and went to bed.(做作業在關燈與上床睡覺之前)
但是Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. (hearing是一般式,但因為是短暫性動詞,所以其一般式也可以表示先后, 常是緊接著發生兩個動作。此句若用完成式,反而顯得聽話者反應遲鈍。
如:Seeing the house on fire, he dialed 119. Arriving there, they began to plant trees.(用Arriving比用Having arrived更能顯出they植樹的積極性。)
四、句中出現連詞不可用分詞替換從句
學生們學了分詞語法后,很容易犯以下錯誤:
1.只顧表面,不管結構。
如:_______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. (A. Having been told B. He was told) 很多學生會誤選A。句中有連詞but, 連詞應連接兩個相同的成分,此句中連接兩個句子,所以B項正確 。若去掉but, A項正確;
He has lived in this city for many years , so he knows the city very well. (有連詞,要用句子。)
2.只顧形式,不管意思。
如:_____ late in the morning, he turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep B. Sleeping 很多學生會誤選B。要他說出句意,他就犯難。其實,此句該選A,為了早上睡個懶覺,他把鬧鐘關了。不定式能表目的狀語,而分詞一般不表示目的。
Having passed the exam, he decided to tell his parents the good news. (表原因) 考試通過了,他決定把這好消息告訴他父母。
To pass the exam, he decided to spend the weekend at home going over his lessons. (表目的) 為了通過考試,他決定周末呆在家里復習功課。
在祈使句+and / or +句子的句型,由于學生常不顧意思,該用動詞原形(祈使句)時,誤用分詞是常見的錯誤。請辨別以下句子:
Work hard and you’ll be able to pass the exam.努力學習,那么你就會通過考試。
Work hard or you’ll fail the English exam.努力學習,否則你就不能通過考試。
Having worked hard, he passed the exam.因為他努力學習,所以他通過了考試。(分詞表原因)
五、分詞可表結果狀語
分詞作狀語,除了表示時間、原因、條件及伴隨外還可表示結果。分詞與不定式表結果狀語, 有不同之處,不定式通常表意外結果,而分詞多表必然結果。
如:He opened the door only to find a stranger. (意外地發現一個陌生人)
He woke up only to find himself lying in hospital. (意外地發現自己在醫院里)
He was told that his house had been broken into. He hurried home, only finding a lot things stolen. (房子被盜,必然東西被偷)
The insect drinks too much sap, which passes right through its body, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. 這種昆蟲喝太多的樹液,這樹液徑直流過其身體,只不過變得稠些、甜些。(這也是必然的結果)
六、注意貌似分詞的詞
英語中的一些詞是以-ing結尾的,貌似現在分詞,但這類詞在意義和用法上與分詞完全不同,不要求有明確的自己的邏輯主語,實際上它們已被看作是介詞或連詞。
如:Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. 就他的年齡來說,這小孩讀得算挺好的。 (considering作介詞,就...而論)
I wrote a letter regarding my daughter’s school examinations. 我寫了一封關于我女兒學校考試的信。(regarding 作介詞,= about)
還有一些詞也是以-ing結尾的,作插入語其結構是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。
generally speaking一般說來,honestly speaking老實說,strictly speaking 嚴格的說,judging from 從……判斷
Judging from his face, he must be ill.從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的動作)
Strictly speaking, you are wrong. 嚴格地說你錯了。
七、-ing分詞與-ed分詞的區別
學生對-ing與-ed的掌握也常感到有困難。初中老師常強調-ing 修飾事;而-ed修飾人。
如:The film is interesting. The boy is interested in it.
而到了高中,這樣理解有時是不夠的。 應該強調:-ing 表示令人感到……有主動含義;而-ed表示感到......有被動含義。
The man is frightening. 這人令人感到害怕。(frightening嚇人的)
The man is frightened. 這人感到害怕。(frightened被嚇)
He is excited so there is an excited look on his face. 他感到激動,所以他臉上有感到激動的神色。(而exciting look 是令別人感到激動的神色)
His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it. 他那感到驚訝神色表示他對此事一無所知。(而surprising look是令人感到驚訝的神色)還有voice, tone等也有類似用法:
An excited person speaks in an excited voice. A surprised person speaks in a surprised tone. A frightening person speaks in a frightening tone.
總之,在學習英語過程中,分詞學習是不可缺少的。只要樹立信心,學好分詞也不是一件高不可攀的難事。