內(nèi) 容 提 要
連接詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，只起到連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句子與句子的作用。連詞分并列連詞和從屬連詞，并列連詞是連接兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列關(guān)系的成分;從屬連詞主要引導(dǎo)各種狀語(yǔ)從句。做這一部分題時(shí)，我們必須弄清連詞前后的關(guān)系，即連詞前后部分在意義上是并列關(guān)系還是從屬關(guān)系，是順從還是轉(zhuǎn)折，是目的還是讓步等。
一、連詞的用法
1. after 在……之后(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. 試做完這些之后你可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很多其他東西。
Chichester did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales(大風(fēng)).甚至在主要的掌舵裝置都被大風(fēng)弄壞之后，全由基切斯特駕駛著這只船。
Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ knighted him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ had used almost 400 years earlier to knight Sir Francis Drake after he had sailed round the world for the first time. 伊麗莎白二世就是用這把劍封他為爵士的。弗朗西斯·德雷克第一次環(huán)球航行之后，伊麗莎白一世在四百年前就曾經(jīng)用它封弗朗西斯·德雷克為爵士的。
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. 我觀察一周后，侯伯斯先生要我口敘一下我發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題。
2. although (=though) 雖然……但是(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)，在漢語(yǔ)中“雖然”和“但是”是兩個(gè)詞，而在英語(yǔ)中表示此概念的是一個(gè)詞。我們要么用although，要么用but，但although和but不能同時(shí)用在一個(gè)句子中表示“雖然……但是”
And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 雖然你未必喜歡，但如果她選中你的門廊作為她夜間棲息之地，從道義上來講，你就很難將她趕走，就像你很難趕走一條喪家之犬一樣。
One quasi bag lady spends about eight hours every day at the foot of the main escalator in a railroad station, although she rents a room in a cheap hotel in the neighbourhood. 有位準(zhǔn)流浪女士盡管在附近一家便宜旅館里租有一間房，她還是每天在火車站中央自動(dòng)樓梯下呆八小時(shí)。
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today.雖然杰斐遜生活在兩百年以前，但今天我們?nèi)阅軓乃抢飳W(xué)到很多東西。
Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 雖然學(xué)校、商場(chǎng)和政府中的作弊和欺詐行為近年來比過去多得多，但是不是由于我們?cè)絹碓缴朴诮衣哆@類不誠(chéng)實(shí)行為的緣故呢?
Although the Republic may have been born in the East, it had spent most of its time and energies since then moving west.雖然(美利堅(jiān))共和國(guó)誕生于東部，但建國(guó)以后花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間和精力向西部開拓。
但although與though之間還是有一定的區(qū)別的，althoug前邊不能用much修飾，而though的前邊則可以用much修飾。
3. and 和，并且(連接兩個(gè)并列或?qū)Φ鹊某煞郑褐髡Z(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或分句)
It’s important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時(shí)間進(jìn)行休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動(dòng)。
Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. 之后，在閱讀時(shí)，你就會(huì)知道哪些內(nèi)容是不重要的，這樣就可跳過這些不重要的部分。
4. as
(1) 怎樣;像;因?yàn)?當(dāng)……時(shí)候(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、方式和原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.不管怎么說，八十大壽畢竟非同一般——你又活了十年，或者說又熬過了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. 也可以用不同的方式閱讀，如過去一樣——朗讀。
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected. 薩姆著手提高襯衫廠的效率了，但正如我們將在本課后半部分發(fā)現(xiàn)的，他的計(jì)劃實(shí)施結(jié)果跟他原先預(yù)料的并不完全一樣。
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. 很多教育學(xué)家認(rèn)為，當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他們就不大可能作弊了。
(2) 盡管，雖說(引起讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight. 盡管她很聰明，但她沒眼力。
Much as I admire him as a writer(=Although/though I admire him a great deal), I do not like him as a man. 他作為作家，我非常敬幕他，但他作為普通人，我并不喜歡他。
5. as…as 和……一樣，與……幾乎一樣(連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句)
She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house. 她停了一會(huì)兒，看了看那個(gè)男孩，只見他盡量靠近門口站，但仍讓自己立在房?jī)?nèi)，樣子很尷尬。
He has to feel that he’s as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 他必須這樣認(rèn)為：他跟世上的所有外科大夫一樣出色，或許比他們都強(qiáng)。
If what researchers are saying is true, a life lived without fantasies and daydreams isn’t as rich and rewarding as life can be. 如果研究人員所說的是真的，那么沒有想入非非、白日做夢(mèng)的生活就不可能是豐富多彩和富有成就的。
6. as(so) far as 就……而論，據(jù)……(引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句)
What does this mean as far as our flyiny saucer program is concerned? 就我們的飛蝶計(jì)劃來說這意味著什么呢?
As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifitable. 就我看來，你的行為是不合情理的。
Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles —— and he always fixed my car.(然而，每當(dāng)我的汽車出了毛病，我總是急急忙忙去找他，焦急地注視著他檢查汽車的主要部位，恭聽著他的見解，仿佛聆聽神諭一般——而他總能把我的汽車修好。
1) As long [A] as I know, the result [B] fell short of [C] our expectations [D] .
7. as if (=as though) 好像(引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句)。它們引導(dǎo)的從句中，動(dòng)詞一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，be通常用were這個(gè)形式，不管是什么人稱
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the following radio message to London:“I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare.”他勝利地航海到好望角之后，基切斯特向倫敦發(fā)出如下電文：“我感覺好像從惡夢(mèng)中醒來。”
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.他向后一跳，仿佛被什么東西螫了一下似地，他那張布滿皺紋的臉頓時(shí)漲得通紅。
He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what happened.他感到很尷尬，好像他自己對(duì)發(fā)生的一切負(fù)責(zé)。
8. as(so) long as 只要(=only if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
But it is now thought that this is not so, and as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 但現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為，情況并非如此。只要大腦給予充分運(yùn)用，它就會(huì)保持其機(jī)能。
I don’t care, as long as she lets me be with her too. 只要她能讓我也能和她在一起，我不在乎。
2) So far [A] as he does [B] his work,I don’t mind [C] what time he arrives [D] at the office.
9. as soon as 一……就(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. 課后要及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)筆記。
Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.是的，但埃格拉布貸款基金會(huì)把追加的資金一拿給我們，我們就會(huì)立即實(shí)施這一計(jì)劃。
10. as well (as) 也，以及，還;和;不僅(連接并列成分或從句)
It’s important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. 還要留出時(shí)間休息，發(fā)展自己的愛好和娛樂活動(dòng)。
Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 略讀使你的閱讀速度快一倍同時(shí)也提高你的理解力。
Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. 復(fù)習(xí)課上講的重點(diǎn)，還要看看那些你不懂的地方。
For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科學(xué)家首次把一顆衛(wèi)星成功地送上了地球，此后衛(wèi)星便不斷地發(fā)回信號(hào)和照片。
11. because 因?yàn)?(引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，注意：漢語(yǔ)中有“……原因是因?yàn)椤保⒄Z(yǔ)中reason不和because連用)
3) The reason [A] I didn’t go to the meeting was [B] because [C] I got an appointment [D] .
12. before 在……之前(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully.這就是說，在細(xì)讀之前先要略讀一下文章。
We don’t know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there. 我們不知道它是由什么構(gòu)成的，但這給我們帶來很多麻煩，而且在向那里(地球)送金星人之前，我們還要做大量的試驗(yàn)。
He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice,and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. 在人們普遍利用農(nóng)作物輪作和土壤保持的作法前一個(gè)世紀(jì)，他就這樣做了。
13. besides 除了……之外(介詞，也把它歸入這一章)
But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.但教學(xué)還會(huì)帶來錢和權(quán)力之外的東西：那便是愛。
Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.杰弗遜認(rèn)為：一個(gè)自由人除了書本之外還可從其他地方獲取知識(shí)，而且個(gè)人調(diào)查研究也很重要。
14 both … and … 和;不但……而且;兩者都……(連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的詞或詞組)
Furthermore, it(weekly schedule) will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.而且，它(每周日程安排)能幫你安排你的一切活動(dòng)，使你有充足的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂。
What makes it rather disturbing was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 這次經(jīng)歷令人可惱之處在于圍繞著我的被捕以及隨后法庭上審訊而出現(xiàn)的種種武斷專橫的情況。
Yet, as we shall see later, almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen —— when they were prevailed upon to change their self?images. 然而，當(dāng)他們被說服改變他們的自我形象后，正如我們后邊將看到的，學(xué)生的成績(jī)和推銷員的掙錢能力發(fā)生了幾乎奇跡般的變化。
4) Scales(魚鱗) both help to protect [A] fish [B] against [C] disease and infection or [D] serve as an external skeleton(骨胳) preserving body shape
