一、概說
引用別人的話一般有兩種方式,一種是直接述別人的原話,并把它放在引號內,這叫直接引語;另一種是用自己的話來轉述別人的話,并且不能用引號,這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構成賓語從句。如:
“I want to buy a house in the country.” Jack said. 杰克說:“我想在鄉下買座房子。”(直接引語)
Jack said that he wanted to buy a house in the country. 杰克他說他想在鄉下買座房子。(間接引語)
“Did you buy any books for me?” he asked his mother. 他問他母親:“給我買書沒有?”
He asked his mother if he had bought any books for him. 他問他母親給他買書沒有。
“Don’t sleep in class again.” the teacher told Jim. 老師對吉姆說:“上課不要再睡覺了。”
The teacher told Jim not to sleep in class again. 老師叫吉姆上課不要再睡覺了。
二、直接引語變間接引語的五點變化
1. 時態的變化
直接引語變為間接引語時,若主句為過去時態,變為間接引語的賓語從句通常要將時態往后推一個,即:一般現在時變為一般過去時,一般將來時變為過去將來時,現在進行時變為過去進行時,現在完成時變為過去完成時,一般過去時也變為過去完成時,等等(若直接引語為過去完成時,變為間接引語可以不變)。另外,若直接引語中有情態動詞can, may等,也應變成過去式could, might等(情態動詞must可以變為had to,也可不變,should, ought to, had better 等可以不變):
“I want to stay here.” he said. 他說:“我想留在這兒。”
→He said that he wanted to stay there. 他說他想留在那兒。
She said, “It’s raining very hard.” 他說:“雨下得很大。”
→He said that it was raining very hard. 他說雨下得很大。
Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.” 吉姆說:“我會講漢語。”
→Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆說他會講漢語
(1) 若直接引語為客觀真理,則變為間接引語時時態不變:
He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他說:“太陽從東方升起。”
→He said that the sun rises in the east. 他說太陽從東方升起。
(2) 有時由于直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語,變為間接引語時時態也可不變:
He said, “ was born in 1988.” 說:“我是1988年生的。”
→He said that he was born in 1988. 他說他是1988年生的。
2. 時間狀語的變化
直接引語變間接引語時,有些時間狀語根據情況也要相應的改動:如將now改為then,將today 改為that day,將tonight改為that night,將yesterday改為the day before,將this month改為thatmonth,將last week改為the week before,將three years ago改為three years before,將tomorrow改為the next day,將next year改為the next year,等等:
He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他說:“我現在很忙。”
→He said that he was very busy then. 他說他當時很忙。
He said, “I want to leave today.” 他說:“他想今天離開。”
→He said that he wanted to leave that day. 他說他想那天就離開。
He said, “She left yesterday.” 他說:“她昨天離開了。”
→He said that she had left the day before. 他說她前一天就離開了。
She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.” 她說:“我明天告訴你。”
→She said that she would tell me the next day. 她說她第二天告訴我。
以上變化有時應視情況而定,若在當時轉述,now不必改為then;若在當天轉述,today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改為that day, the day before, the next day等;若在當周轉述,thisweek, last week 不必改為that week, the last week;若在當年轉述,this year, last year 不必改為that year, the last year等。
3. 代詞的變化
在直接引語變為間接引語時,有些代詞也要作相應的變化,如指示代詞this和these通常變為that和those。同時人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞等也要根據具體情況作出合理的調整:
He said, “This is my seat.” 他說:“這是我的座位。”
→He said that that was his seat. 他說那是他的座位。
“I can look after myself.” she said. 她說:“我能照顧自己。”
→She said that she could look after herself. 她說他能照顧自己。
若場所和地點不發生改變,this和that也可以不變。
4. 地點狀語的變化
主要涉及的地點狀語是here,它在間接引語中通常要變為there:
“I live here now.” he said. 他說:“我現在住在這里。”
→He said that he lived there then. 他說他當時住在那兒。
若在當地轉述,則here也可不必改為there。
5. 動詞的變化
直接引語變為間接引語時,有個別動詞也可能需要改變,如come改為go,bring改為take等:
“He will come today.” she said. 她說:“他今天會來。”
→She said that he would go that day. 她說他那天會去。
若地點和場所未發生改變,come和bring等也可不變。
三、直接引語變間接引語的五類方法
1. 直接引語為陳述句時如何變為間接引語
方法是:將直接引語變為由that引導的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后(that也可省略):
“I don’t love her.” he says. 他說:“我不愛她。”
→He says that he doesn’t love her. 他說他不愛她。
注:(1)若引述動詞用的是say to sb,則通常改為tell sb:
“It’s a secret.” he said to me. 他對我說:“這是秘密。”
→He told me that it was a secret. 他對我說那是秘密。
(2)若直接引語是兩個并列的陳述句,要注意在第二個賓語從句前加連詞that:
He says, “I like singing and I want to be a singer.” 他說:“我喜歡唱歌,我想當歌手。”
→He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他說他喜歡唱歌,想當歌手。
在此種情況下,引導第一個賓語從句的that有時可以省略,但引導第二個賓語從句的that通常不省略,以免誤解。
2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時如何變為間接引語
方法是:將直接引語變為由if或whether引導的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后:
“Are you ill?” he asked. 他問:“你病了嗎?”
→He asked if [whether] I was ill. 他問我是否病了。
注:(1)改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。
(2)若直接引語引述動詞為say,改成間接引語應將其改為ask等。
3. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時如何變為間接引語
方法是:將直接引語變為由“疑問詞”引導的賓語從句跟在引述動詞之后:
He asked, “When did she leave?” 他問:“她什么時候離開的?”
→He asked when she had left. 他問她什么時候離開的。
注:(1)改為賓語從句的間接引語要用陳述句詞序。
(2)若直接引語引述動詞為say,改成間接引語應將其改為ask等。
4. 直接引語為祈使句時如何變為間接引語
方法是:使用ask [tell, order] sb to do sth這一結構進行轉換,若祈使句為否定式,則用ask [tell, order] sb not to do sth,其中ask, tell, order的選擇視句子的語氣而定:
“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他說:“吉姆,明天早點來。”
→He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早點來。
“Don’t be late again, Mary.” he said. 他說:“瑪麗,不要再遲到了。”
→He told Mary not to be late again. 他叫瑪麗不要再遲到了。
注:(1)除動詞ask, tell, order外,有時也可能用其他動詞
“Don’t go out at night, Jim.” he said. 他說:“吉姆,晚上別出去。”
→He warned Jim not to go out at night. 他警告吉姆晚上不要出去。
(2)若祈使句中沒有呼語,應根據句意給動詞ask, tell, order等補上適當的賓語:
“Watch carefully.” he said. 他說:“仔細看著。”
→He told us to watch carefully. 他叫我們仔細看著。
5. 直接引語變間接引語的非正常方法
有時直接引語變為間接引語時,可根據具體的語境選用某種特定的方式,而不拘泥于以上通常方法:
“You had better hurry, Bill.” he said. 他說:“比爾,你最好快點。”
→He advised Bill to hurry. 他建議比爾快點。
“Shall we meet at two?” he said. 他說:“我們兩點集合好不好?”
→He suggested meeting at two. 他建議兩點集合。
“Shall I do it for you?” he asked. 他說:“我替你做好嗎?”
→He offered to do it for me. 他主動提出替我做。
“Could you help us?” he said. 他說:“請幫幫我們好嗎?”
→He asked me to help them. 他叫我幫幫他們。
有些直接引語比較特殊,不太適宜用以上方法變間接引語,也應根據句意選用恰當的表達方式:
“Thank you.” he said. 他說:“謝謝你。”
→He thanked me. 他向我表示感謝。
“Good luck.” he said. 他說:“祝你好運。”
→He wished me good luck. 他祝我好運。
He said, “Liar.” 他說:“你撒謊。”
→He called me a liar. 他罵我撒謊。