1. 名詞
名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns)，專有名詞是某個(gè)(些)人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：
1)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns)：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。
2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns)：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。
3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns)：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。
4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns)：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：
_______________________________________
||專有名詞 ||
| 名 | | 個(gè)體名詞 | |
|| || 可數(shù)名詞|
|| | 集體名詞 | |
||普通名詞 || |
| 詞 | | 物質(zhì)名詞 | |
|| || 不可數(shù)名詞|
|| | 抽象名詞 | |
2.不定冠詞的用法
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article)，另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article)，還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。
不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源，是"一個(gè)"的意思。a用于輔音音素前，一般讀作[e]，而an則用于元音音素前，一般讀做[en]。
1) 表示"一個(gè)"，意為one;指某人或某物，意為a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一類人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 詞組或成語。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
3.人稱代詞的用法
(1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補(bǔ)語，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
約翰等了一會(huì)兒，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。
說明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
(2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補(bǔ)語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄穑辽傥艺J(rèn)為是她。(her做賓 語，them做介詞賓語，her做主語補(bǔ)語)
a. -- Who broke the vase?--誰打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me.--我。(me做主語補(bǔ)語= It’s me.)
說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補(bǔ)語。現(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。
4.動(dòng)詞
(1) 表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。
(2) 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(Notional Verb)、系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)、助動(dòng)詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb)。
說明：有些情況下，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會(huì)。 (having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)
He has gone to New York.他已去紐約。
(has是助動(dòng)詞。)
(3) 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動(dòng)詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動(dòng)詞(Intransitive Verb)，縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明：同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。)
4() 根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，可分兩類，分別是：限定動(dòng)詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動(dòng)詞(Non-finite Verb)例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想學(xué)好英語。(to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動(dòng)詞。
說明：英語中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞，分別是：動(dòng)詞不定式(Infinitive)、動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。
(5)根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：?jiǎn)巫衷~(One-Word Verb)、短語動(dòng)詞(Phrasal Verb)、動(dòng)詞短語(Verbal Phrase)例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語里有許多短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語。(contains是單字動(dòng)詞。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)查字典。(look up是短語動(dòng)詞。)
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。(take care of是動(dòng)詞短語。)
(6)動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數(shù)形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現(xiàn)在分詞(Present Participle)。
5.動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語和表語
(1)作主語
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方與北方開戰(zhàn)了。
(2)作賓語
a. 動(dòng)詞后加動(dòng)名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit 承認(rèn)appreciate 感激,贊賞avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 認(rèn)為 delay 耽誤 deny 否認(rèn) detest 討厭 endure 忍受enjoy 喜歡escape 逃脫 prevent阻止
fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲 practise 訓(xùn)練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭resist 抵抗 resume 繼續(xù) risk 冒險(xiǎn)
suggest 建議face 面對(duì) include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續(xù)
舉例：
(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 詞組后接doing
admit to prefer…tobe used to lead todevote oneself to object tostick to busylook forward to(to為介詞)
no good,no use,It’s worth…, as well as,
can’t help,It’s no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist oncount on / upon
set about be successful in good attake up
give upburst outprevent … from…
(3)作表語
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
6.動(dòng)詞不定式
1 不定式作賓語
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebothercarechoose come dare demanddesiredetermine expectelectendeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ;動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
7.分詞
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞后置 (i分詞詞組;ii 個(gè)別分詞如given, left; iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there.有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞做定語表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于定語從句 which is written
2)What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動(dòng)詞之間有被動(dòng)的含義。
spoken是動(dòng)詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。該句可以理解為：
What’s the language (which is) spoken in German?
