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主謂一致即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致,主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致和就近一致,語(yǔ)法一致即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致,意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致,就近一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和靠近它的主語(yǔ)部分保持一致。
一、語(yǔ)法一致原則
Both my parents are doctors.
我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
主語(yǔ)Parents為復(fù)數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用are
二、意義一致原則
Paris is among the largest cities in the world.
巴黎是世界上最大的城市之一。
主語(yǔ)Paris以s結(jié)尾,長(zhǎng)得像復(fù)數(shù),實(shí)則為單數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用is
1、意義一致的三個(gè)典型用法
形式上雖為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù)名詞如the police, people, cattle等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
如:
Cattle eat grass. 牛吃草。
The police were called in. 警察被召來(lái)了。
people 作“民族”解時(shí),其單數(shù)形式為people,復(fù)數(shù)形式為peoples,
作主語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法一致原則。
如:
The Chinese people is a great people.
中華民族是一個(gè)偉大的民族。
56 peoples make up the big family of China.
56個(gè)民族構(gòu)成中國(guó)這個(gè)大家庭。
2、主語(yǔ)是指一類人的“the+形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)
這類詞有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等。
另外,像the Chinese, the British, the Irish
等表示一個(gè)國(guó)家或民族的人的總稱,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。
如:
The injured were taken to hospital.
受傷的人都送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
The English do not drink much wine.
英國(guó)人不喝很多酒。
(1)The + 形容詞指人做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如:
(1) The poor were usually looked down upon by the rich.
過(guò)去,窮人常被富人瞧不起。
(2) The wounded have been taken good care of in the hospital.
傷員在醫(yī)院受到了很好的照護(hù)。
人畢竟是可數(shù)的(2)
The + 形容詞指抽象概念做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
如:
The decayed has been thrown away.
腐爛的東西已經(jīng)被扔掉了。
東西畢竟是不可數(shù)的
(3)形式上為復(fù)數(shù),而意義上卻是單數(shù)的名詞
如news, mathematics, physics,politics, economics
及以s結(jié)尾的書(shū)名、國(guó)名等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如:
Mathematics is the language of science.
數(shù)學(xué)是科學(xué)語(yǔ)言。
His “Selected Poems” was first published in 1965.
他的詩(shī)歌選集最早是1965年出版的。
三、就近一致原則
即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞
Either you or I am wrong.
不是你錯(cuò)了就是我錯(cuò)了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it.
老師和學(xué)生對(duì)此都不感興趣。
(1)連詞or, not…but…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…等連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致
如:
Not his parents but he doesn’t want to go.
是他的父母親不想去而不是他不想去。
Neither you nor I am a stranger here.
你和我都不是剛來(lái)這里。
Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret?
他和他的同學(xué)都不知道這個(gè)秘密嗎?
Do neither his classmates nor he know the secret?
注意疑問(wèn)句中助動(dòng)詞保持就近
(2)當(dāng)there be后有兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)時(shí),
be的數(shù)由與其靠得最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致。
如:
There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.
盤(pán)子里有一個(gè)蘋(píng)果,兩個(gè)梨子和一些桔子。
There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate.
盤(pán)子里有兩個(gè)梨子,一些桔子和一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。