形容詞(一)：
1. 形容詞的位置：
代名形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞j@
再細分如下：
1放在冠詞前的形容詞(all, both, such...)+2冠詞、指示形容詞、所有形容詞、不定形容詞(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)+3序數(shù)(first, second...)+4基數(shù)(one, two...)+5性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)(kind, fine, good...)+6大小、長短、形狀(large, small, big...)+7新舊、溫度(old, new, hot...)+8顏色(red, blue...)+9國籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)+10材料(iron, brick, stone...)+11名詞、動名詞(boy, house...)
2. some和any的用法：
(1)兩者修飾可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，表某一個;任何一個; 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，表一些;有些。
〔2)一般的用法：some用于肯定句;any用于疑問句，否定句或條件句。
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
(3)特殊的用法：
(A) 在期望對方肯定的回答時，問句也用some。
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.
(B) any表任何或任何一個時，也可用于肯定句。
Come any day you like.
(4)some和any后沒有名詞時，當做代名詞， 此外兩者也可做副詞。
Some of them are my students.〔代名詞)
Is your mother any better?(副詞)
3. many和much的用法：
〔1)many修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表許多; much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn’t been much good weather recently.
(2)many a:
many a和many同義，但語氣比較強，并且要與單數(shù)名詞及單數(shù)形動詞連用。
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like時, 只用so many。
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
(4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)
(5)many和much之后不接名詞時，作為代名詞;另外much也可用副詞。
Many of them were very tired.
I don’t eat much for lunch. 〔代名詞)
He is much taller than I. (副詞〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1) (a) few用在復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，(a) little用在不可數(shù)名詞之前。
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相當于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之間的差別，就和a few和few的差別一樣，只是(a) little須修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的數(shù)量形容詞：
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表許多，修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可數(shù)名詞)
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量)， 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
(3) a number of “許多;一些”;a great (large, good) number of “許多”，修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且要與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
(the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞←→單數(shù)動詞)
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
(4) enough的用法：
(A) 可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
There are enough chairs. (可數(shù))
There is enough furniture. (不可數(shù))
(B) 可放在年修飾名詞的前后。
We don’t have enough time. =We don’t have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
冠詞或數(shù)詞(one, two...) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
(6) the rest of “其余的”， 可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，作主詞時，接可數(shù)名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，接不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)動詞。
The rest of the students are absent. (復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可數(shù)名詞)
注：the rest作代名詞， 等于 the others， 和復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
6. 不可名詞量的表示語：
(1) 不可數(shù)名詞可加表單位的形容片語，表示數(shù)的觀念。其公式為：
數(shù)詞+單位詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞
(2) 各類表單位的形容詞片語。
(A) 物質(zhì)名詞：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B) 抽象名詞
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然現(xiàn)象：
.
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7. 名詞種類的表示語：kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，其后的冠詞a (an)常被省略。
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don’t like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比較下列用法：(加*表非正式用法)
I don’t like this (*those) kind of person.
I don’t like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.)
I like roses of this kind. (置名詞后更強調(diào)種類)
I like roses of these kinds.(置名詞后更強調(diào)種類)
8. 數(shù)詞：
(1) 基數(shù)(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...
(A) 除one接單數(shù)名詞外，其余均接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B) hundred的后面須加and(但可以省略)。
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序數(shù)(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...
(A) 序數(shù)前面必須附以定冠詞。而a second, a third等，則是another的意思。
(B) 日期多用序數(shù)。
It’s on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).
(C) 序數(shù)的簡體。
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分數(shù) :
(A) 分數(shù)的表示法：第一，分子用基數(shù)，分母用序數(shù)。第二，分子大于2時，分母須加“s”以形成復(fù)數(shù)。
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B) 分數(shù)可接與不可數(shù)名詞;所接的名詞是單數(shù)，則與單數(shù)動詞連用，是復(fù)數(shù)則與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍數(shù)詞：常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。
(A) half a, a half, half the +名詞，表(一半的)。
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B) half還可作名詞，代名詞及副詞。
Two halves make a whole. (名詞)
This is half as much again as that. (副詞)
(C) 倍數(shù)常用的表達法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) +定冠詞或所有形容詞+名詞或所有代名詞
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. “數(shù)詞+名詞”結(jié)合而成的形容詞：
(1) 數(shù)詞+名詞=形容詞
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三強會議);
(2) 數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞=形容詞
a six-year-old boy
a three-hundred-year-old tree
注：上述的復(fù)合字是以hyphen(-)連結(jié)，而且其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式。
(3) 名詞(無冠詞)+基數(shù)=the +序數(shù)+名詞
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
(這幾種用法，非專有名詞，可不用大寫，但等號兩邊須一致。〕
(4) “數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主詞，雖為復(fù)數(shù)形，但強調(diào)單一性，則用單數(shù)動詞。若強調(diào)一個一個的個別數(shù)，則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各種數(shù)字的讀法
(1) 年號的讀法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 電話號碼;貨幣的讀法：
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小數(shù)點的讀法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three
(4) 算術(shù)式的讀法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.`
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
比較(五)
1.比較分三種: 一原級;二比較級;三最高級;
2.比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成：
(1) 規(guī)則變化:
(A) 單音節(jié)和雙音節(jié)字在字尾加-er和-est。
原級 比較級 最高級
small smaller smallest2
wise wiser wisestp|
dry drier driestL
hot hotter hottestq
后三組注意加-er和-est的變化。
(A) 三音節(jié)以上的字和部分兩音節(jié)以上的字, 在原級前面加more和most。
原級 比較級 最高級
useful more useful most useful
diligent more diligent most diligent
(2) 不規(guī)則變化:
good(好的)和well(健康的)的比較級都是better; 最高級都是best;
bad(壞的)和ill(生病的)的比較級都是worse; 最高級都是worst;
many(很多的)和much(作形容詞是大量的; 作副詞是非常地)比較級都是more; 最高級都是most;
little(作形容詞是小的; 作副詞是一點地)有兩個比較級是little, smaller less; 兩最高級是littlest, smallest least;
far(作副詞是遠地)的兩個比較級是farther(更遠, 表距離), further(更進步, 表程度); 兩個最高級是farthest, furthest;
old的兩個比較級是older(表年齡或新舊), elder(表長幼順序); 兩個最高級是oldest, eldest;
late的兩個比較級是later(表時間), latter(表順序); 兩個最高級是latest(最近的), last(最后的);
3. 比較的方式:
(1) 相等比較: ...as + 原級 + as... 和 ...as + 原級 + 名詞 + as...;
William is as poor as John. ( = William’s poverty is equal to John’s.
She has as much money as I (have).
(2) 劣等比較: ...less + 原級 + than...( = not so or as + 原級 + as...
She is less careful than her. = She is not so (or as) careful as her.
(3) 優(yōu)等比較: ...比較級 + than... 和 ...the + 比較級 + of the two;
He is more careful than her.
Jim is the more stupid of the two boys.
4. 最高級的表達方式:
(1) 優(yōu)等比較: (最…)
...the + 最高級( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(復(fù)數(shù))
...the + 最高級( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + in + 場所(單數(shù))
A giraffe is the tallest of (or among) all animals.
A giraffe is the tallest in the animal kingdom.
(2) 劣等比較: (最不…)
...the + least + 原級( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(復(fù)數(shù)),
...the + least + 原級( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + in + 場合(單數(shù))
Grammar is the least interesting of (or among) all the subjects.
Jack is the least diligent boy in his class.
(3) 其他表示最高級的方式:
(A) 用原級表示最高級。
He is as happy as he can be. = He is happiest.
(B)“比較級 + than any other + 單數(shù)名詞”表示最高級。
This is more difficult than any other book here.
= This is the most difficult of all the books here.
(C)否定的比較級表示最高級。
Nothing can be simpler than this. = This is the simplest thing of all.
(D)敘述用法的最高級形容詞。
Summer is hottest in July. She was happiest when she was young.
1. 不用than的比較:
(1) than的省略:
Never before did he work harder (than now).
(2) 作限定用法的形容詞, 常接代名詞one.
I want a better job.
Bring me a smaller one.
(3) 作敘述用法的形容詞.
He is better now.
It is warmer this morning.
(4) 接if子句的比較級.;
You will understand it easier if you consult the dictionary.
(5) 只作限定用法的形容詞比較級, 如: inner, outer, upper, former, latter, utter, elder, etc.
The plan was an utter failure.
My brother will come back from America in the latter part of the year.
(6) 比較級 + and + 比較級“越來...越”
He became more and more eloquent towards the end of his speech.
(7) 由拉丁文而來的比較級(接to不接than).
He is junior to me. (to之后接受格)和 He is younger than I. (than之后接主格),
其它的例子如下:
senior(= older)和junior(= younger); superior(= better)和inferior(= worse); major(= more)和minor(= less); prior(= before)和prefer(= like better);
(1) prefer + (動)名詞 + to + (動)名詞= prefer to + 原形… rather than + 原形
I prefer reading to talking. = I prefer to read rather than talk.
(2) The + 比較級…, the + 比較級… “越…, 越…”
The more I read, the more intensely interested I became.
The more he has, the more he wants.
第一個the是關(guān)系副詞, 引導(dǎo)副詞子句, 修飾第二個the(指示副詞).(紅色修飾黑色)
The happier a human being is, the longer he lives.
在句意明確時, 常以省略句的形式出現(xiàn).
The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
5.含有否定詞的比較級:
(1) no less than = as much (or many) as“多達”和not less than = at least“最少”
I have no less than (= as much as) 10,000 dollars.
He has not less than (= at least) 5 dollars.
(2) no less...than = as...as“和...一樣”和not less + 原級 + than“至少不比...差; 也許比...更...”
She is no less rich than (= as rich as) her sister.
She is not less rich than her sister.
(3) no more than = only“只”和not more than = at most“最多”
He has no more than (= only) 10 dollars.
He has not more than (= at most) five.
(4) no more...than = not...any more than“和...一樣不...”和not more...than = not so...as “沒有到…的程度; 不像...那樣...
I am no more mad than you are. (= I am not mad any more than you (are). = You are not mad, nor am I).
He is not more generous than John. (= He is not so generous as John.
7. more than的用法:
(1) = over“過多; …以上”
It takes more than an hour.
(2) 修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞或子句，表“遠超過;何止”。
The story of the erupted island is more than a story.
She was dressed more than simply.
His merits more than offset his demerits.
It is more than I can understand. (= It is beyond my understanding.
8. 有關(guān)比較級應(yīng)注意事項:
(1) 句義相當或同類的東西, 才級比較.
Most of the highways in America are wider than Europe. (錯)
Most of the highways in America are wider than those in Europe. (對)
(2) 使用比較級時, 必須把本身除外, 常于other或else連用.
This book is more interesting than any other book.
This book is more interesting than any book else.
