一、不定式、動名詞作賓語的四種情況
不定式、動名詞作賓語情況復雜多變,不少學習者感到頗為“鬧心”。它們是各類考試的重心,也是中國學生丟分的“重災區”。其癥結在于考生拿不準到底哪些動詞必須以動名詞作賓語;哪些動詞必須以不定式作賓語;有些動詞既可以動名詞賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,意思基本不變;有些動詞既可以動名詞賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,意思卻不同?
口訣1:有些動詞須以動名詞賓語,它們可用“MP4r caf disk”來記,即“憲兵帶著4把手槍在咖啡館里看光盤”(把字母r想象成手槍)。
M指mind, miss, mention
例:When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy.
P指prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice
例:We don't permit smoking in the office.
4R指risk, resist, resent,resume
例:Informing the truth risks destroying the patients’ hope.
c 指consider, contemplate
例:I don't contemplate (預料) him opposing my plan.
a指admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate
例:We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture.
f指face, fancy, finish
e指excuse, enjoy, escape
例:He escaped being punished.
d指delay, defer, deny, dispute(不同意), detest(痛恨)
i指imagine, involve
s指suggest
k指keep
口訣2:有些動詞必須以不定式作賓語,它們是:三w 、h c ,五a領著四d 、p, 一r m二l、b, 接不定式o, u, e。
它包括了三個以w開頭的單詞,三個以h開頭的單詞,三個以c開頭的單詞,五個以a開頭的單詞,分別以d 、p開頭的單詞各四個,分別以l、b開頭的單詞各兩個,分別以r, m, o, u, e開頭的單詞各一個。
注:3 w、 hc是want, wish, wait和 hope , help, hesitate以及care, choose, consent
例:He hesitated to buy the coat.
二l、b是learn, long:和beg, bear.
例:I can’t bear him to deceive me.
I long to go abroad.
五a是: agree, ask., afford, arrange, attempt
四d是dare , demand, determine, decide,
四p是 plan, pretend, promise, prepare
以r, m, o, u, e開頭的五個單詞分別是refuse ,manage ,offer, undertake, expect
口訣3:有16個動詞既可以動名詞賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,意思基本不變。因為接動名詞、不定式均可,情況又變得簡單起來,只需記住一句話就行,即:雙方一旦開始(begin, start, ),無論喜歡(like, prefer )與否(hate, dislike),都得繼續(continue)下去。都不能打算(intend,attempt, propose)忽視(neglect)開始(commence)的愛(love)。習慣(be accustom to)也好,害怕(afraid to do of doing)也好,難以容忍( can’t bear)也好。(參見Michael Swan:《英語用法指南》第339條)
例:He is accustom to work o working hard.
口訣4:有9個動詞既可以動名詞作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,意思卻不同:remember、forget, try、mean、stop、regret,want、 need、require 。
注:remember to do sth.指記?。▌e忘記)要做某事,remember doing sth.記得(回憶起)曾做過某事;forget to do sth指忘了要做某事,forget doing sth.忘了要做某事;try to do sth指試圖做某事,try doing sth.試試看(試過);mean to do sth指打算,有意圖,mean doing sth.意味著,就是;stop to do sth停下來做某事,此為目的狀語,stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth對現在要發生的事表示“遺憾”,regret doing sth.對發生過的事表示“后悔”。want to do sth指希望,想要;want doing sth.需要,該;need require to do sth都是需要requireeed doing sth.該都是動名詞主動式表示被動。因這9個單詞既可接不定式,又可接動名詞,我們比之為“九條兩頭蛇。”
二、時態一致原則
英語時態一致也叫時態呼應。指在復合句中某些從句(主要是賓語從句等名詞從句)謂語動詞的時態往往受主句謂語動詞的時態的影響,因此,須保持主從兩部分從句中的時態一致。這對許多中國學生來說,又是一道“八卦陣”。主句謂語動詞是現在時或將來時,從句謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態。主句謂語動詞是過去時,從句謂語動詞一般用過去時。情況可分5種:
口訣5:一般/進行時間同,后主將來先完成。真理不受時間限,具體時間過去從。
注:“一般/進行時間同”,指從句用了一般過去時或過去進行時,表示從句與主句的謂語動詞的動作同時發生。如:I explained to them my friend knew no French.He wondered what the boys were doing there.
"后主將來”指從句謂語動詞的動作“后于”主句謂語動詞的動作,從句須用過去將來時;“先完成”指從句謂語動詞的動作“先于”主句謂語動詞的動作,從句須用過去完成時。如:The Swede was warned that Napoleon would probably ask him 3 questions.I asked him where he had been.
“真理不受時間限”指如從句表述的是客觀真理,即便是主句用的是過去時,從句仍用一般現在時。例:Copernicus discovered that Earth revolves around the sun.
“具體時間過去從”指從句中有具體的時間狀語,從句要用一般過去時,即便是從句謂語動詞的動作發生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前也如此。如: She said she was born in 1980.
在引導定語從句的關系代詞中,who指人,which指物,that既可指人也可指物。指人時who比that用的多一些,指物時which比that用的多一些。什么時候一定用that呢?這是學習者必須要解決的問題。
口訣6:鎖定 that
The only, the very,The same, no 、any, 兩項并列人與物,不定、序數、最高級。
注:前兩句指先行詞前有The only, the very, the same, no , any修飾時,引導定語從句的關系代詞一定用that。例:That’s the only thing that we can do at the moment.
“兩項并列人與物”,指先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的詞時,引導定語從句的關系代詞一定用that。例:They talked about the countries and people that they had visited
“不定、序數、最高級”指先行詞是不定代詞時,或先行詞前有序數詞或最高級修飾時,引導定語從句的關系代詞一定用that。
例:Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?
The best materials that you should recite are your texts.
口訣7:鎖定Whether
主語從句用Whether,賓語從句or not,不定式前介詞后,取代if別條件。
例:Whether there’ll be seats left it is doubtful.
It depends on whether he is ready.
口訣8:祝愿句、感嘆句,only 、so 、 as;開始為副詞,否定句首時。
注:倒裝句是將謂語的一部分或全部置于主語之前。在only 、so 、 as 中,only指only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句放在句首時,形成倒裝。如:Only then did I know the importance of learning English .
so指在以so開頭的句子中,表示一種情況也適應于另一人或物。如:You can keep the secret, so can I.
(如后面的句子單純重復前一句子,則不倒裝。如:It’s cold today, so it is.)
as指當 as作“雖然”解的讓步狀語從句中,造成倒裝。如:Child as she is, she knows a lot about the world.
“開始為副詞”指以here, there, then, now或out, up, down, away等開頭的句子,這種倒裝多見于描述性的文體。如:There comes a bus. Out rushed a train from the cave.
“否定句首時”指否定副詞或否定連詞置于句首時。如:Not until you told me did I know the fact. Not only can he speak English but also his daughter.