不定式作狀語,可表示目的、原因、條件或結果等。如:
In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.
為了通過考試,他認真學習。(目的狀語)
We were excited to hear the news.
聽到這消息我們很高興。(原因狀語)
To look at him, you would like him.
看到他,你就會喜歡他。(條件狀語)
I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.
我匆忙趕到家發現瑪麗在等我。(結果狀語)
充當結果狀語的不定式前有時帶有only, 構成“only + 不定式”結構,在使用這一結構時,應注意以下幾點:
1. 當“only + 不定式”作結果狀語時,它表示的是一個相反的或出乎意料的結果,通常是一種令人失望的后果。意為“不料……; 反而……; 想不到……; 結果卻……”。如:
He ran to the station only to find the train had left.
他跑到車站結果卻發現火車已經開了。
2. “only + 不定式”可用逗號將其與前面的成分隔開。如:
He rushed to the school gate, only to discover that it was locked.
他沖到學校門口,卻發現門已鎖上。
We walked a long way to see him, only to find that he had just left for the countryside.
我們走了很長一段路去看他,沒想到他剛好下鄉了。
3. “only + 不定式”作結果狀語時,也可以改成but連接的并列結構。如:
He worked hard only to fail at last. = He worked hard but failed at last.
他工作很勤奮,結果卻失敗了。
4. “only + 不定式”中的only有時也可以省略,其意思不變。如:
He got home (only) to learn that his father had been dead for two days.
他到家后得知父親已去世兩天了。
另外,我們也經常見到 “only + 動詞-ing形式”結構,該結構表示一個自然而然的或意料之中的情況或結果。如:
He fell off the bike, only hurting his waist.
他從自行車上摔了下來,摔傷了腰。
Bob dropped the bowl, only breaking it to pieces.
鮑勃把盤子掉到了地上,摔成了碎片。
顯然,“only + 動詞-ing形式”結構作結果狀語,通常強調謂語動詞所導致的結果,謂語動詞和動詞-ing形式之間側重因果關系,而非轉折關系。