在英語句子里,幾個修飾語疊用的時候,有一定的排列秩序。修飾語在句子中的位置錯了,或排列亂了,便有麻煩,甚至意思也會因此改變,有時連語氣也不通暢。
通常幾個修飾語在名詞之前出現時,它們的秩序應該這樣排列:
首先是限定詞(determiner),如“the, my, this”等。接著是所有格(possessive case),如“man’s, children’s, John’s” 等。第三是序數(ordinal)如“first, next, last”等。第四是數目(number),如“many, several, ten”等。第五是性質形容詞( adjective of quality),如“interesting, beautiful, gloomy” 等。第六是形狀,(size, shape, length)如“little, round, long”等。第七是顏色(colour), 如“red, black, white”等。第八是國家(nation),如“French, Indian, Singapore”等。第九是屬性名詞(即充當修飾語的名詞,attributive noun),如“ history, oil, silk”等。
現在舉幾個例子給大家參考。
① For such an occasion, you need a red silk shirt.
② John’s office is equipped with some new white steel furniture.
③ My friend’s restaurant serves delicious red French wine.
④ The lecturer’s first long public speech was a real success.
⑤ There are some comfortable round black chairs in the living room.
⑥ The artist’s first three expensive long blue Chinese oil paintings have been stolen.
由此可見,英語的幾個修飾語,必須順序排列,以便同時修飾后頭的名詞。
有些人對上述修飾語的排列秩序沒有明確的概念,結果句子雖然合語法,但讀來不順口。例如⑦a和⑦b都合語法,但前者有問題,后者沒有:
⑦a My teacher is a Chinese story well-known writer.
⑦b My teacher is a well-known Chinese story writer.
不同詞類的修飾語如此,同詞類的修飾語也如此。例如我們常常習慣一連用幾個性質形容詞來修飾同一個名詞。這個時候,每個形容詞便要重音讀出,每讀一個便要稍微停頓一下。書面語則用逗號表示。這些性質形容詞之間沒有什么嚴格的秩序問題,不過習慣上,長的或音節多的形容詞,最好排在后頭,如:
⑧ This is a dull, difficult and badly-organised essay.
⑨ Yesterday was a windy, stormy and impleasant day.
此外,詞義較重要的修飾語,也較后才出現,如:
⑩ That person’s destiny is bad and tragic.
11. I loathe people who are unfriendly, unhelpful and hypocritical.
12. Good language teachers are able to make lessons easy, enjoyable and effective.