1. You can’t end a sentence with a preposition 不能以介詞結(jié)尾
一般情況因該避免以介詞結(jié)尾。但以下四種情況用介詞結(jié)尾卻更自然。
被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：passive structures
(she enjoys being fussed over.她喜歡被簇?fù)淼母杏X(jué))
條件從句：relative clauses
(they must be convinced of the commitment that they are taking on.你必須相信他們的承諾)
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)infinitive structures
(Tom had no-one to play with.沒(méi)有人可以和湯姆一起玩)
Who、where、what打頭的問(wèn)句：questions beginning with who, where, what, etc.
(what music are you interested in?你喜歡什么樣的音樂(lè)?)
2. You can’t start a sentence with a conjunction 不能以連詞開(kāi)頭
Conjunctions are words such as and, but, so, and if, which are used to connect clauses, sentences, or words. This grammatical superstition arises from the thought that because these words are used to connect separate clauses.The argument against using and or but to introduce a sentence is that such a sentence expresses an incomplete thought (or ‘fragment’) and is therefore incorrect. However, this is a stylistic preference rather than a grammatical rule.
連詞包括and、but、so、if等詞語(yǔ)，用于連接從句、句子或單詞。有一種說(shuō)法認(rèn)為這些詞是用來(lái)連接單獨(dú)的從句，他們建議使用時(shí)的片段出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子的開(kāi)始。他們認(rèn)為使用and或者but來(lái)引出句子這個(gè)句子的含義是不完整的，因此是不正確的。然而,這是一個(gè)風(fēng)格的偏好，而不是語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。
3. Double negatives are always ungrammatical 雙重否定不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則
When two negatives are used to communicate a negative, then the usage is ungrammatical. The reason for this is that two negatives actually cancel each other out and create an affirmative statement. For example, the sentence ‘I don’t have nothing for you’is ungrammatical because the presence of two negatives technically switches the meaning to an affirmative one, so that it means ‘I have something for you.’
當(dāng)兩個(gè)否定詞匯一同使用時(shí)，在語(yǔ)法上是不能表達(dá)否定的。原因是兩個(gè)否定實(shí)際上互相抵消，表達(dá)肯定的含義。例如，這句話“I don’t have nothing for you”不符合語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)否定詞匯表達(dá)肯定的含義，這意味著“我有東西給你。”
Even though the use of double negatives in formal speech and writing is nonstandard, the use of double negatives is common in areas such as informal speech and popular music.
即使在正式演講和寫(xiě)作中使用雙重否定是不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，在非正式的演講和流行音樂(lè)等領(lǐng)域雙重否定的使用是很常見(jiàn)的。
However, there is one use of double negatives that is entirely grammatical. In this use, the double negative is used to express and reinforce an affirmative.
然而，有一個(gè)雙重否定的使用是完全符合語(yǔ)法的。在使用雙重否定表達(dá)肯定時(shí)。
I couldn’t not help him. [meaning: I strongly felt I should help him]
我會(huì)幫助他。
4. Splitting infinitives is a mistake 不定式不能分隔使用
For the uninitiated, splitting infinitives is the practice of placing an adverb between ‘to’and the corresponding verb, as in ‘to lightly tap.’Splitting infinitives is a common peeve of grammar enthusiasts, but like many such peeves it has been employed by well-regarded English prose stylists for centuries. However, take care before splitting those infinitives; many style guides and professors would still consider this a stylistic error.
在一般人眼中，分裂不定式是在不定式和動(dòng)詞之間放置一個(gè)副詞，如“to lightly tap輕拍”。分裂不定式是常見(jiàn)的令語(yǔ)法愛(ài)好者苦惱的問(wèn)題。但是有很多著名的英文散文家喜歡使用分裂不定式的寫(xiě)作方式。然而，應(yīng)當(dāng)小心使用分裂不定式，仍然有很多專家認(rèn)為這是文體錯(cuò)誤。
例如：
She used to secretly admire him.
她曾經(jīng)偷偷欣賞他。
You have to really watch him.
你必須真的看著他。
Those who believe that split infinitives are grammatically incorrect would rewrite these sentences as:
認(rèn)為分裂不定式不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)范的人會(huì)主張這樣改寫(xiě)上面的句子：
She used secretly to admire him.
她曾經(jīng)偷偷欣賞他。
You really have to watch him.
你必須真的看著他。
5. You can’t start a sentence with hopefully hopefully不能作為句子開(kāi)頭
This use of hopefully to mean ‘it is hoped’rather than the adverbial ‘in a hopeful manner’has been disputed in the past several years, though it has found its way into general acceptance.
hopefully這個(gè)詞的意思是“有希望地”，而不是狀語(yǔ)“以一種充滿希望的方式”。在過(guò)去的幾年里，這種用法雖然已經(jīng)被普遍接受但一直有爭(zhēng)議的。
Hopefully and thankfully can’t be reworded along the lines of other sentence adverbs, using the constructions ‘it is hopeful that’or ‘it is thankful that’:
Hopefully 和thankfully和其他句子副詞不同，可以使用‘it is hopeful that’ 或者‘it is thankful that’的結(jié)構(gòu)
Hopefully, planning delays will be minimal.
希望比賽盡可能不被推遲。
It is hopeful that planning delays will be minimal.
希望比賽盡可能不被推遲。
也可以這樣改寫(xiě)：
It is to be hoped that planning delays will be minimal.
希望比賽盡可能不被推遲。
