面對托福考試，有人選擇自學(xué)，有人也會報(bào)托福培訓(xùn)班學(xué)習(xí)。不管是哪一種，都需要大家平時(shí)多多積累知識。托福聽力是很多人關(guān)心的問題，下面分享幾個(gè)聽力筆記的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，當(dāng)你聽到以下內(nèi)容時(shí)要保持高度警惕，把聽到的內(nèi)容記下來，因?yàn)檫@些指示詞表明著重點(diǎn)的出現(xiàn)。
同義替換，常見的信號詞有
1. that is to say;
2. namely;
3. or rather;
4. to be more exact;
5. to put it another way;
6. in other words;
7. by definition .
在托福聽力中，我們經(jīng)常會聽到進(jìn)行定義介紹的說法如“it is called/it’s known as 專有名詞”， 或者“專有名詞 define/refer(s) to …”。一般而言，這類專有名詞術(shù)語某個(gè)特定的領(lǐng)域，如商業(yè)、教育學(xué)、考古學(xué)、地球科學(xué)。考生相對不太熟悉，因此這些信號詞的前后內(nèi)容能夠增加考生對整體聽力講座的把握和主旨理解。
例：
According to this theory, an organism’s cells in their regular metabolic processes, by metabolic processes I mean things like cellular restoration and reproduction. Uh, in their regular metabolic processes cells generate oxygen molecules, some of which have an extra electron. That extra or free electron makes the whole molecule unstable. The unstable molecule is known as a free radical. Okay? And according to this theory these free radicals causes damage to other molecules and structures within the cell, including most significantly to the cell’s DNA. And it’s this gradual degradation of DNA and tissues and larger structures that drives the aging process.
文中用到了be known as 的結(jié)構(gòu)給專有名詞自由基下了定義
例：
And finally, cephalopods also use what’s called disruptive coloration. Disruptive body patterns are irregular patches of different shapes and colors that serve to distract an observers attention and obscure the outline or crude shape of the animal. In other words, a disruptive pattern makes it difficult to see the shape and size of the animal. Disruptive patterns can also achieve some level of general resemblance to the background. That is they often contain small regions of model patterns or even uniformity.
In other words 換言之，同意替換，說上句和這句說的是同一個(gè)東西。
舉例說明信號詞
托福聽力中，教授也常會進(jìn)行舉例說明，常見的舉例信號詞有
1. for example;
2. as;
3. for instance;
4. Like;
5. Say .
通過舉一些常見或者比較容易理解的例子，去解釋某樣事物或某個(gè)現(xiàn)象，使得其更加生動形象，通俗易懂。
例：
Roman pottery for example, it was typically glazed so it’s very shiny, easy to see against the soil. But, pottery of the early middle ages was brown or grey and it wasn’t glazed, so you’d have trouble spotting it at an excavation. It’s kind of camouflaged against the soil. So it’s easy to draw the wrong conclusions about population size based on the available evidence.
例子中提到了pottery的例子，對比了羅馬時(shí)期和中世紀(jì)早期的pottery的區(qū)別，例證的提示詞用到的是for example
例：
Professor: Yes, and Wright was intent on creating effects like that. Another example. I mentioned the stone floors, those floors have an uneven textured surface. They’re waxed and highly polished so they’re shiny and reflective. This achieves an intriguing effect. Inside the house it actually looks as though there’s moving river water running over the floor stones.
這是一篇介紹建筑學(xué)家作品的講座，講的是wright 的falling water 落水山莊。
截取片段中提到了Wright在創(chuàng)作落水山莊時(shí)所用到的自然理念，其中用了stone floor的例子來營造出河流的景象。例證提示詞用的是 another example。
邏輯性信號詞
如最常見的原因、對比、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等。對于原因信號詞，考生可以尤為注意
1. because (of);
2. so;
3. the reason why;
4. since;
5. as/for .
例：
Now all of this may not seem relevant to this week’s reading about the ancient Mayan populations in Central America, which we’ll get to in a minute. But, you’ll notice that your book includes population distribution maps that have been generated based on archeological evidence. So, a word to the wise, population distribution maps for western Europe show lots of large empty spaces for the early Middle Ages even though evidence, like those post holes and documents about Yeavering, might tell quite a different picture.
書中的瑪雅文明中的人口分布圖，但是是根據(jù)考古證據(jù)繪制的，所以(SO)，盡管Yeavering的考古證據(jù)會得出不一樣的結(jié)論，但是對比中世紀(jì)早期的西歐人口分布地圖，依然有很多空白。表明了考古證據(jù)并不是顯示該地人口分布的決定性因素，有時(shí)候人們的生存痕跡并不一定能夠保存下來。
對比信號詞
對于對比信號詞，考生除了注意比較級和最高級之外，還要多注意類比和對比
1. compare to;
2. different from……l;
3. unlike……;
4. (not) as ……as .
等這些間接表達(dá)對比的詞或詞組。
例：
Graphene is the strongest material ever made. Its strength is due to its perfect crystal and atomic structure, which looks like chicken wire under a microscope actually. You could compare graphene to diamond because they’re both made of carbon atoms that are arranged in a simple and regular pattern. But unlike diamond, graphene is incredibly flexible akin to plastic wrap. And because of its atomic structure, graphene is also an outstanding heat conductor. Electrons speed through this material much faster than they can through other materials.
石墨烯是有史以來最堅(jiān)固的材料。它的堅(jiān)固是由于它完美的晶體和原子結(jié)構(gòu)，在顯微鏡下看起來像鐵絲網(wǎng)。在介紹石墨烯的時(shí)候通過類比鉆石來進(jìn)一步說明了它的柔韌性和導(dǎo)電性。
轉(zhuǎn)折信號詞
這些是考生尤其應(yīng)該注意的信號詞。即教授最終想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的點(diǎn)，也是高頻考點(diǎn)的地方。通過先陳述一部分事實(shí)或者拋出一個(gè)問題，然后來一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折性的連詞，提出真正的觀點(diǎn)。因此這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后信息是考生必須要注意的地方。
轉(zhuǎn)折信號詞是托福聽力中最常見的信號詞之一。常見的信號詞形式如下
1. however;
2. nevertheless;
3. yet;
4. still;
5. though;
6. anyhow;
7. even so;
8. in any case;
9. anyway;
all;
11. in spite of that;
12. by the way .
例：
But there’s another challenge, the industrial production of graphene sheets. The adhesive tape method is good for producing small samples for research purposes but we need a reliable way to mass produce graphene in large sheets so it can be sold to companies that manufacture transistors for example.
在講解石墨烯的這篇講座當(dāng)中，教授先講了石墨烯的各種性能優(yōu)勢，隨后but畫風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn)講到了在應(yīng)用上的面臨的問題和挑戰(zhàn)。
并列信號詞
1. first;
2. second;
3. third;
4. for a start;
5. for one thing;
6. for another;
7. to begin with;
8. next;
則是很好的信號詞，提示了兩句句子之間的平等并列關(guān)系。
A synthesizer can generate new sounds and then combine them in symphonic ways. It can mimic the sounds of conventional instruments as well as create the synthase tones. And the second thing it can do is modify sound.
這篇音樂發(fā)展歷史的講座，教授講了合成器。一方面不僅可以產(chǎn)生生的聲音，另一方面還可以修改聲音。
另外聽力筆記還有一些其他的高效小技巧，比如：
筆記要結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，一眼可以找到重要信息在哪兒
避免重復(fù)的內(nèi)容多次記錄
使用自己習(xí)慣的符號/縮寫大法
最后要提醒大家的是，托福聽力考試中，記錄筆記是為了幫助我們更好記憶聽力文章內(nèi)容與做題，但是光有理論基礎(chǔ)還不夠，需要同學(xué)們在日常的練習(xí)中不斷精進(jìn)。如果報(bào)考網(wǎng)校的托福培訓(xùn)班學(xué)習(xí)，現(xiàn)在還是有福利送給大家的哦!
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