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2023年12月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯常考話題預(yù)測(cè)（5）：四大發(fā)明
預(yù)測(cè)一
中國(guó)是世界上公認(rèn)發(fā)明指南針的國(guó)家。早在2400多年前，中國(guó)人就創(chuàng)造出世界上最早的指南針。后來(lái)經(jīng)過不斷改進(jìn)，到宋朝(the Song Dynasty)人們制造出鐵針指南針并應(yīng)用于航海。中國(guó)是第一個(gè)在海船上使用指南針的國(guó)家。指南針為明代(the Ming Dynasty)鄭和下西洋提供了條件。后來(lái)指南針傳入歐洲，推動(dòng)了歐洲航海事業(yè)的發(fā)展為，哥倫布(Columbus)的航行提供了技術(shù)保證。
參考譯文：
China is universally recognized as the country that invented the compass. As early as 2,400 years ago, Chinese people created the earliest compass in the world. Later it was further improved continuously. During the Song Dynasty, people produced the compass with iron needles and applied it to navigation. China is the first country to use the compass on seagoing ships. The compass provided aid for Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Ocean in the Ming Dynasty. Later the compass spread into Europe, promoting the development of the European marine industry and guaranteeing technical support for Columbus’ navigation.
預(yù)測(cè)二
在古代，著作和銘文(inscription)通常寫在竹片或絲綢上。但絲綢昂貴，竹片太重，使用起來(lái)都不方便。后來(lái)蔡倫開創(chuàng)了用樹皮造紙的方法。傳統(tǒng)上人們認(rèn)為他是紙張和造紙術(shù)的發(fā)明者。盡管公元前2世紀(jì)中國(guó)就已經(jīng)有了早期的紙，但蔡倫促成了紙張的首次重大改進(jìn)，并通過添加至關(guān)重要的新材料使造紙過程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。蔡倫發(fā)現(xiàn)了造紙材料的組合方式，發(fā)明了造紙術(shù)。這項(xiàng)發(fā)明使蔡倫聞名于世，甚至使他在有生之年就已經(jīng)得到了認(rèn)可。
參考譯文：
In ancient times, writing works and inscriptions were generally written on tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk. But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were both not convenient to use. Then Cai Lun initiated the method of making paper with the bark of trees. Traditionally, he is regarded as the inventor of paper and the technique of papermaking. Although early forms of paper had already existed in China since the 2nd century BC, he fostered the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into papers composition. Cai found the composition of paper and invented the technique of papermaking. Cai was reputed for this invention in the world, and even in his own lifetime, he was already given recognition for it.
預(yù)測(cè)三
印刷術(shù)發(fā)明之前，想出版新書的學(xué)者必須一字一字地抄寫。北宋時(shí)期，經(jīng)過多年的實(shí)驗(yàn)，畢昇發(fā)明了活字印刷術(shù)(movable-type printing)。他把漢字刻在一小塊泥胚(pieces of clay)上，加熱漢字直到其變成硬的活字。印書時(shí),人們按順序?qū)⒒钭謹(jǐn)[在一起，印出印跡。印刷完后，他們把字分開，以后重復(fù)使用。這種方法既經(jīng)濟(jì)又省時(shí)。中國(guó)的活字印刷術(shù)首先向東傳至朝鮮和日本，之后向西傳至波斯(Persia)和埃及，最后傳遍全球。活字印刷術(shù)發(fā)明促進(jìn)了世界各國(guó)的文化交流。
參考譯文：
Before printing was invented，a scholar had to copy characters one by one if he wanted to publish a new book. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable-type printing after many years of experimentation. He engraved the characters on small pieces of clay and heated them until they became hard movable characters. When printing a book，people placed the moveable characters in order into a whole block and then ran off a print. After printing, they took the block apart and reused the characters later. This method was both economical and time-saving. China’s movable-type printing first spread eastward into Korea and Japan, then westward into Persia and Egypt, and at last, around the world. The invention of movable-type printing greatly promoted cultural exchanges among countries all over the world.
預(yù)測(cè)四
火藥(gunpowder)是最早出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)炸藥和推進(jìn)劑(propellant)。在火藥發(fā)明之前，人們使用過許多燃燒彈(incendiary bomb)和燃燒設(shè)備。人們通常把火藥的發(fā)明歸因于中國(guó)的煉金術(shù)(alchemy)。眾所周知，火藥被列為中國(guó)的“四大發(fā)明”之一。這項(xiàng)發(fā)明可能早在唐朝就已經(jīng)研制出來(lái)了。由于13世紀(jì)蒙古人的征戰(zhàn)，有關(guān)火藥的知識(shí)被傳到全世界。最晚從14世紀(jì)開始，火藥就已經(jīng)開始被應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中并產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。
參考譯文：
Gunpowder was the first chemical explosive and propellant. Prior to the invention of gunpowder, many incendiary bombs and burning devices had been used. The invention of gunpowder is usually attributed to Chinese alchemy. It is known to all that gunpowder is listed as one of the “Four Great Inventions” of China. The invention was made perhaps as early as in the Tang Dynasty. Knowledge of gunpowder was spread throughout the world as a result of the Mongol conquests in the 13th century. It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 14th century.
