非謂語動詞的一般式和完成式

非謂語動詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或在其后發生，非謂語動詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表

示的動作之前。

1.動詞不定式

例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時發生)

例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語動詞動作發生在后)

例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前)

注：動詞不定式的完成式有時用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動詞后面，表示未實現的行為。例如：

1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。)

2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)

2.動名詞

例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非謂語動詞動作發生在后)

例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (與謂語動詞動作同時)

例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前。)

3.分詞

例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. (非謂語動詞動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生)

例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語動詞動作發生在前)

非謂語動詞的比較

1.動名詞和動詞不定式在用法上的比較

(1)一般說來動名詞所表示的動作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時間概念不強，不是指某一次的動作;而動詞不定式所表示的

動作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：

1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.

2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.

3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?

(2)動詞不定式的邏輯主語，常常是句子的主語或句中的某個詞;而動名詞的邏輯主語可能是句子主語或句中某個詞，也可能是泛

指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：

1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想閑坐著。)(指自己)

2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜歡開會不說會后亂說。)(可能指自己，也可能泛

指一般人)

(3)有些詞后既可接動名詞亦可接動詞不定式，但意義不同，如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests,

begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。例如：

When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (talking 是賓語，指停止講話這個動作)

When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk. (to talk是目的狀語，指停下前一動作來進行talk)

Remember, forget doing something (指已做過的事)

Remember, forget to do something (指未做過的事)

2.動名詞和現在分詞在用法上的區別

(1)作定語的區別。分詞往往表示它所修飾的詞所做的動作，即邏輯主語是它所修飾的詞;動名詞往往表示與它所修飾的詞有關的

動作，即所修飾的詞不能充當邏輯主語。例如：

the raging storm (= the storm that is raging) (狂暴的風雨)(分詞)

scorching heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的熱氣)(分詞)

sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (動名詞)

working method (= method of working)(動名詞)

(2)作表語的區別。分詞作表語時保持它的形容詞特征，動名詞作表語時保持它的名詞特征。動名詞作表語時常可與主語互換位

置，分詞則不行。例如：

The novel is interesting. ( 現在分詞)

My job is teaching English. (動名詞)

(3)作狀語的區別。分詞具有副詞特征，可以直接用作狀語;動名詞不具有副詞特征，不能單獨作狀語，只有與介詞結合時才能作

狀語。例如：

1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. (分詞作狀語)

2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much better. (分詞作狀語)

3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room. (動名詞與介詞一起作狀語)

4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table. (動名詞與介詞一起作狀語)

3.動詞不定式作賓語補語和現在分詞作賓語補語的區別

動詞不定式只說明賓語的一個動作，而分詞則說明賓語的動作正在進行。例如：

1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. (在那時，他聽見有人在隔壁房間里唱歌。)

2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那時，他聽見有人正在隔壁房間里唱歌。)