在英語合成詞中,合成名詞(compound nouns)數(shù)量很多,而且可以按照既定規(guī)律自行構(gòu)造新詞。
合成名詞構(gòu)造法主要有下列八種:
①名詞+名詞,如
daybreak, sunrise, cattleshed, house-keeper, shoe-maker, headache, night-club, pocket-knife, arm-chair, wine-glass, ink-stand, man-servant, maid-servant, steamboat, goldsmith, newspaper, lawsuit等。
②形容詞+名詞,如
blackboard, commonweath, highway, stronghold, sweetheart, easy-chair, grandson, blueprint, deadline, high-brow, lazy-bones等。
③動詞+名詞,如
drawbridge, grindstone, playground, pickpocket, breakfast, cut-throat, makeshift, sing-song, turn-coat, washbasin 等。
④副詞虛詞+名詞,如
afterthought, offshoot, outbreak, byway, bylaw, outpost, overcoat, underclothes, outgrowth, downpour, upkeep, bystander等。
⑤副詞虛詞+動詞,如
income, outlet, outlook, onset, outfit, upstart, inlet, offspring, outburst, offset等。
⑥動詞+副詞,如
die-hard, breakdown, drawback, set-up, break-up, farewell, standstill, feedback等。
⑦名詞+動名詞,如
book-keeping, town-planning, letter-writing, word-building, tiger-hunting, paper-manufacturing, bill-collecting, car-repairing, television-advertising, window-shopping, day-dreaming, photocopying, handwriting等。
⑧其他,如
man-of-war, forget-me-not, son-in-law, mother-in-law, commander-in-chief, editor-in-chief, merry-go-round, hide-and-seek, stay-at-home, jack-in-the-box等。
在這8種構(gòu)詞法中,第7類“名詞+動名詞”最富生命力。此外,動名詞還可以下列三形式構(gòu)成合成名詞:
㈠動名詞+名詞,如
drinking water, listening material, fishingrod, waiting-room, looking-glass, stepping-stone, running mate 等。
㈡動名詞+副詞虛詞,如
swearing-in, going-over
㈢副詞+動名詞,如
uprising, well-being 等。