內(nèi) 容 提 要

英語中的語態(tài)分主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種。英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語和某些成語才能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式為“be+動(dòng)詞的?ED分詞”。在下列情況下用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：不知道或不必要提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者;“get+動(dòng)詞?ED分詞”是被動(dòng)詞的特殊形式;某些系動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng);表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。總之，主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)是有一定區(qū)別的。

I被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式為“be+動(dòng)詞的?ED分詞”，隨時(shí)態(tài)的不同，“be”發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化，下表是be在英語八種被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)中的變化形式

一 般

完 成

進(jìn) 行

現(xiàn)在

am，is，are + told

have(has) been + told

am，is，are + being told

過去

was，were+told

had been + told

was，were + being told

將來

will(shall) be + told

過去將來

would(should) be + told

II被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

一、當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)

1) Colorful posters were in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows.

[A] print

[B] prints

[C] printed

[D] printing

2) The main [A] stream of a river frequently is dividing [B] into two or more [C] branches near its mouth [D] .

二、當(dāng)我們不必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)

3) The tenor drum(小鼓) is used primarily in military bands and is normally with small felt sticks.

[A] play

[B] played

[C] to play

[D] playing

4) I’ll take down your name and address in case you as a witness.

[A] are needed

[B] will be needed

[C] need

[D] will need

5) Cottage cheese， an American favorite [A] ， can made easily [B] at home [C] from milk [D] ，lemon， juice， and salt.

三、當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)或側(cè)重動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),這時(shí)我們通常用by引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者

6) The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections.

A the conductor of

B from the conductor

C the conductor and

D by the conductor

7) The bridge was hitting [A] by a large ship during [B] a sudden [C] storm last [D] week.

四、“get+ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語態(tài),這時(shí)習(xí)慣固定用法，這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而非動(dòng)作的本身

8) “Your daughter has two children, doesn’t she?”

“That’s right. She in 1970.”

[A] did marriage

[B] was married

[C] had married

[D] got married

9) Supposing you five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?

[A] were drinking

[B] have drunk

[C] were to drink

[D] drink

五、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,如某些系動(dòng)詞如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)的意義

10) The patted?shoes that my wife bought me comfortable.

[A] felt

[B] feels

[C] was felt

[D] is felt

11) As [A] the proverb says [B] , “ Good medicine is tasted [C] bitter to [D] the mouth.”

六、沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的詞， 表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等沒有被動(dòng)形式，另外，諸如happen, occur, take place, break out 等不及物動(dòng)詞或短語以及諸如result from(緣于)，belong to, consist of等只用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，而不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)

12) Some critics maintain that when [A] a work of literature is lacked [B] reference to [C] the general experience of mankind， it fails as art [D] .

13) The book that I bought [A] the day before [B] yesterday is costed [C] me twenty and a half yuan [D] .

[注]除此之外，某些詞如反身代詞和相互代詞以及?ING和不定式不能作為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語;某些被動(dòng)語態(tài)沒有相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)語態(tài)如“I was born in 1966.”。另外有些?ED分詞已失去了被動(dòng)的含義，它們和主語及“be”一起構(gòu)成了主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等。穿著某種顏色的衣服一般說“be dressed in”，而不說“dress black clothes”， 但可以說“wear black clothes”。這些請(qǐng)大家在復(fù)習(xí)過程中也應(yīng)加以注意。

七、例題解析

1) C為正確答案。我們不清楚是誰印的“彩色海報(bào)”。

2) B錯(cuò)，改為is divided。具體是誰把它分成兩三個(gè)分支，我們并不知道。

3) B對(duì)。其實(shí)演奏小鼓的應(yīng)是軍樂隊(duì)的人，但我們沒必要提出來。

4) B為正確答案。“我”或“他人”需要“你”做證人，但“我”或“他人”沒必要指出來，這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“需要”動(dòng)作的承受者，而不是動(dòng)作的使動(dòng)者，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

5) B錯(cuò)，改為can be made easily。制這種cottage cheese(酪農(nóng)干酪)的人是家庭主婦或是做飯的人，這里我們也沒必要指出。

6) D對(duì)。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“交響樂中樂隊(duì)隊(duì)員的座位”是由指揮來安排的。這里不強(qiáng)調(diào)指揮，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

7) A錯(cuò)。改為was hit。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“橋”被撞壞后的情況，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成是“be+?ED分詞”，而不是“…+?ING”分詞，所以A錯(cuò)。如果只表述“撞”這件事，那就不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

8) D為正確答案。這里不選B就是因?yàn)間et+?ED分詞是慣用法。假設(shè)在沒有D的情況下是可以選B的。

9) C為正確答案。我們需要說明的是句末的“you would get drunk”是慣用法，同時(shí)也是虛擬語氣。那么虛擬式中的條件句應(yīng)該用“be+動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來，所以選C(關(guān)于虛擬語氣將在下一章講述)。

10) B為正確答案。這里的“穿起來舒服”是人穿起來舒服，那么鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系動(dòng)詞作謂語，英語習(xí)慣上用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。

11) C錯(cuò)。改為tastes。“良藥苦口”的“藥”是被人吃的，但英語在由taste做謂語時(shí)也用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)。

12) B錯(cuò)。 改為lacks，因?yàn)閘ack沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

13) C錯(cuò)。改為costs。

III 不同時(shí)態(tài)下的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1) When overall exports [A] exceed imports [B] ， a country said [C] to have a trade [D] surplus.

2) Are all telephone numbers in the directory?

[A] list

[B] listed

[C] listing

[D] being listed

二、一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

3) The first zoological garden [A] in the United States [B] had estabilshed [C] in Philadelphia in 1874 [D] .

4) Pluto， the outermost planet of the solar system， photographically in March 1930.

[A] discovered

[B] was discovered

[C] by discovery

[D] when discovered

三、一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

5) My pictures until next week.

[A] won’t develop

[B] aren’t developing

[C] don’t develop

[D] won’t be developed

6) Upon your graduation from school, how well will you for the job that lies ahead?

[A] prepare

[B] prepared

[C] be prepared

[D] are prepared

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

7) Farm animals [A] have been regardless [B] by nearly all societies as a valuable [C] economic resource [D] .

8) How many wounded [A] soldiers are left out [B] there who haven’t operated [C] on [D] yet?

五、過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

9) Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.

A have been conducting

B were conducting

C had been conducted

D being conducted

10) Gregory told Mary that he what he was doing during the vacation.

[A] had just been asked

[B] had just asked

[C] was just asked

[D] just asked

六、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

11) The advantages of computerized typing [A] and editing [B] are now being extending [C] to all the written [D] languages of the world.

12) Conservative philosophers argue [A] that the very structure of society is threatening [B] by civil disobedience， while [C] humanists stress [D] the primacy of the individual conscience.

七、將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

13) Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radio?waves early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.

[A] discovers

[B] will discover

[C] will have discovered

[D] will have been discovered

八、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)句子中，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由介詞by引導(dǎo)短語

14) A letter of credit is often used to [A] companies to finance [B] the movement [C] of goods [D] between countries.

15) All sewing was done with [A] hand until [B] the invention of [C] the sewing machine in [D] the nineteenth century.

16) The ceremony [A] of marriage in the [B] United States can be [C] performed from [D] a justice of the peace.

九、例題解析

1) C錯(cuò)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成為“be+?ED分詞”，故C應(yīng)改為“(a) country is said”，由于是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故be相應(yīng)地變?yōu)閕s。

2) B為正確答案。空檔處缺的是?ED分詞。

3) C錯(cuò)。 應(yīng)改為was established。 這時(shí)表示過去(in 1874)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4) B為正確答案。(理由同上)

5) D為正確答案。

6) C為正確答案。當(dāng)“prepare”做“使有準(zhǔn)備，為…做準(zhǔn)備”講時(shí)，一般用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 備戰(zhàn)備荒為人民。 be well prepared for sth. 對(duì)做某事有充分準(zhǔn)備。 prepare sb. to hear the news 使某人對(duì)這消息有思想準(zhǔn)備。

7) B錯(cuò)。改為regarded。be regarded as “被當(dāng)做”，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，再者，B后有被動(dòng)語態(tài)引導(dǎo)使動(dòng)者的介詞by。

8) C錯(cuò)。改為have not been operated。這里who引導(dǎo)的是定語從句修飾“soldiers”，同時(shí)它也是soldiers的先行詞。傷兵是被做手術(shù)，所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

9) C對(duì)。“實(shí)驗(yàn)”(experiments)只能被人做，故只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，符合此條件的只有C，而D 構(gòu)成上有誤。本句的時(shí)間狀語為“before 1900”，因此從時(shí)態(tài)上說選C，應(yīng)當(dāng)用過去完成時(shí)。

10) A為正確答案。因?yàn)橹骶渲^語動(dòng)詞用了過去式，賓語從句中應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)，同時(shí)又是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以選A。

11) C錯(cuò)。改為?ED分詞“extended”，本句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故其構(gòu)成為“am/is/are being+?ED分詞”。

12) B錯(cuò)。本句應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)椤吧鐣?huì)結(jié)構(gòu)(structure of society)”本身不可能發(fā)出“威脅”這個(gè)動(dòng)作， 它只能受到外界的威脅，注意后面“by短語”的提示，故B應(yīng)改為“is being threatened”(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)) ，也可改為“is threatened”(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)) 。

13) D為正確答案。這里指的是“無線電波”能體現(xiàn)出大部分電磁信號(hào)頻譜，到下世紀(jì)初，更多的……。到那一時(shí)刻業(yè)已能做的事，要用將來完成時(shí)，又是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以選D。

14) A錯(cuò)。改為“used by ”，因?yàn)椤癱ompanies(公司) ”是使用“l(fā)etter of credit(信用證) ”的行為者，故應(yīng)用表行為者的介詞“by”。

15) A錯(cuò)。 改為by。

16) D錯(cuò)。 改為performed by。

IV 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+?ED分詞”構(gòu)成

1) Ground plans and contour(等高線) maps of the Earth from aerial photographs.

[A] can be drawn

[B] can draw

[C] to draw

[D] drawn

2) When [A] a spinning ball bounces， some of [B] the energy contained in its rotation can transferr [C] to its energy of forward motion [D] .

3) Orchestral instruments under the following types：strings，woodwind， brass， and percussion(打擊樂器組).

[A] grouped

[B] can group

[C] can be grouped

[D] to be grouped

二、成語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

這里的成語動(dòng)詞包括“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”和“動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞”

4) After a heated [A] discussion for [B] a long time that afternoon, a suggestion putted forward [C] by [D] the head of the committee.

5) It was quite obvious that [A] those problems were never paid [B] attention [C] by [D] designers.

三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的混淆

6) Highly precise [A] measurements have been shown [B] that variation in [C] the Earth’s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions [D] .

7) Great changes in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .

[A] have been taken place, have been set up

[B] have taken place, have been set up

[C] have taken place, have set up

[D] were taken place, were set up

8) Mild forms of exercise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.

[A] stop

[B] to stop

[C] stopping

[D] be stopped

四、例題解析

1) A為正確答案。

2) C錯(cuò)。本題含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，由于主語(energy)與謂語動(dòng)詞(can transfer)之間存在著被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以，本句C處應(yīng)改為“can be transferred”。

3) C對(duì)。判斷主被動(dòng)語態(tài)，關(guān)鍵要看主語能否發(fā)出謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。本句的主語“樂器”顯然不能自己“分組”，而是被分為…。故用被動(dòng)態(tài)。

4) C錯(cuò)。改為was putted forward。

5) C錯(cuò)。改為attention to。pay attention to是一固定詞組，不能丟失小品詞to。

6) B錯(cuò)。改為“have shown”。原句主句選用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，而主語“測(cè)量結(jié)果”分明能自己顯示“show”，故應(yīng)用主動(dòng)語態(tài)才對(duì)。全句譯為：“高度精確的測(cè)量結(jié)果顯示地球轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的變化主要受氣候條件的控制。”

7) B對(duì)。take place是不及物動(dòng)語短語，它的主語為事或物，故用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，因?yàn)橛衧ince 介詞短語，所以這里用完成時(shí)，不用過去時(shí)。后半句主語factories 與謂語set up之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，B 為正確答案。

8) A對(duì)。和上例相同，主語“鍛煉”本身也能起到“stop…flexibility”的作用，故應(yīng)選主動(dòng)語態(tài)。