中英兩種語言的結構有很大不同,詞序便是其中一種。例如英語單數人稱代名詞(singular personal pronouns)的秩序是:You and I; he and I; you, he and I.You常常居前;I則殿后。復數人稱代詞(plural personal pronouns)的位置是:We and you; you and they; we, you and they.We常常在最前;they在最后。
后面這詞序和中文的一樣,但前面那種排列,卻和中文的不同: “我和你;我和他;我,你,他”。我常在前;他常在后。
簡簡單單的人稱代詞的秩序,就有這么大的差別,其他更復雜的結構之間的差異,可想而知了。
現在試再舉些其他詞序的差異,以饗讀者。 ① 要分清敵我→We must distinguish between ourselves and the enemy. ② 男女老少→men and women, young and old ③ 發展鋼鐵工業→develop the iron and steel industry
此外,中英文并列的詞語有輕重之分。中文往往把重的詞放在前,把分量較輕的擺在后;英語則恰恰相反:輕者在前,重者在后。例如: ④ 無地和少地的農民→Those peasants who have little or no land…… ⑤ 救死扶傷→Heal the wounded and rescue the dying. (扶也可譯為“support”或“assist”) ⑥ 使人民經濟有所增長,有所補充→We must help the people to supplement and expand their economy.
上述中英詞序的差異,稍微不察,便會出錯,在各別使用中文式英語時,難免感到句式不自然,不舒暢;因此要多多留意。
其實,不談兩種不同語言的詞序,就英語來說,詞序(word order)也是運用上的錯誤之一,只是不比其他幾種常見錯誤普遍罷了。
⒈頻率副詞(adverbs of frequency),如:
⑦a. Jim always is happy.
b. Jim is always happy.
⒉倒裝句(inverted constructions),如:
⑧a. Only by working hard you can become useful to the country.
b. Only by working hard can you become useful to the country.
⑨a. Seldom I have seen such an irrational person.
b. Seldom have I seen such an irrational person.
⑩a. Under no circumstances we will help those not wishing to help themselves.
b. Under no circumstances will we help those not wishing to help themselves.
⒊可分開的片語動詞賓語(objects of separable phrasal verbs),如:
11a. - Take off your hat, please!
Take off it now !
b. - O.K. Let me take it off straight away.
⑦a-11a的詞序都錯;⑦b-11b的才對。