不定式是動詞的一種非限定形式,通常前面帶有小品詞to,有時也可不帶to,它可以和助動詞或情態動詞構成謂語:
They will set up more evening schools next year. 他們明年要辦更多的夜校。
We mustn’t fall behind the others. 我們一定不要落在別人后面。
也可以作主語(a)、賓語(b)、表語(c)、定語(d)或是狀語(e):
a.To scold her would not be just. 責備她是不公平的。
b.We are planning to build a reservoir here. 我們計劃在這里修一座水庫。
C.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 我們當前的主要任務之一是實現農業機械化。
d.Do you have anything to declare? 你有什么要申報嗎?
e. We have come to learn from you. 我們是來向你們學習的。
有時它還可以構成復合結構(類似漢語語法中的主謂結構),作復合賓語等:
He wants all of us to make rapid progress. 他希望我們大家都迅速進步。
不定式在句子里雖能擔任種種成分,但它畢竟是一個動詞,因此具有動詞的許多特點。它可以有自己的賓語(a)或狀語(b),來和它構成不定式短語:
a.Would you like to tell me how you overcame the difficulties? 你可不可以告訴我你們怎樣克服困難的?
b.I prefer to go there by bike. 我寧愿騎車去。
還有下面種種形式:
主 動 形 式 被 動 形 式
一般式 to do; to be done;
完成式 to have done; to have been done;
進行式 to be doing; ________
完成進行式 to have been doing; _________
另外,不定式雖然在語法上不能有主語,但由于表示的是動作,在意思上是可以有主語的,這個主語可以稱為邏輯上的主語(the Logical Subject),以區別于語法上的主語。例如在We came to study.中,we是句子里的主語,同時也是to study的邏輯上的主語;又如在We’ll send him to study abroad.中,him是句子里的賓語,而且是to study邏輯上的主語。不定式的邏輯上的主語,可以是句子中的主語、賓語等,也可以由一個用for引起的短語表示,
例如:It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese. 外國人學漢語是不容易的。
2. 作主語、賓語和表語用的不定式
不定式(短語)常用來作主語:
To persevere means victory! 堅持就是勝利!
To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement. 那座樓10個月就蓋成是一個了不起的成就。
To ignore this would be a mistake. 忽視這一點是錯誤的。
To see is to believe. 眼見為實。
To act like that is foolish. 這樣做是愚蠢的。
To err is human, to forgive divine. 犯錯誤是人之常情,寬恕才難能可貴。
To know something about English is one thing; to know English is quite another.
懂一點英語是一回事;掌握英語完全是另一回事。
但在很多情況下,特別是在口語中,我們常常用代詞it來代替它作主語,而把它移到句子后部去,這樣使句子顯得比較平穩:
It isn’t right to gossip about others. (=To gossip about others isn’t right.) 說閑話是不對的。
It is nice not to be dependent on them. 不依靠他們是好的。
It is not an easy thing to master a language. 學好一種語言是不容易的。
It seems a pity to refuse. 拒絕似乎是很遺憾的。
It only took (us) a year to complete the project. 完成這項工程只花了(我們)一年時間。
What harm can it do to give advice? 給人出主意有什么不好的?
How would it be to start tomorrow? 明天動身怎么樣?
How much did cost (you) to send the telegram? 拍這份電報(你)花了多少錢?"
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 聽他這樣談話我們非常氣憤。
It feels good to be out here for a while. 出來在這兒待一待是挺舒服的。
It was beyond me to help them. 我無力幫助他們。
It was considered impossible to fail. 人們認為失敗是不可能的。
It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting. 決定把這問題提到下次會上討論。
如果要說明不定式表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:
It is not hard for one to do a bit if good. 一個人做點好事并不難。
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally. 我們來參加這個大會是很榮幸的。
It will be a mistake for us not to help them. 我們不幫助他們是錯誤的。
在以某些形容詞(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時,不定式前常可加一個of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. (=You’re so kind to...) 難為你這樣替我們想。
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us. 非常感謝你來接我們。
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. 你們想得這樣周到是很好的。
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他們拒絕采納這個建議是不明智的。