1.動(dòng)詞不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時(shí)發(fā)生)
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
注：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式有時(shí)用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過(guò)去式的動(dòng)詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把這本書(shū)郵寄給你的。）
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)
2.動(dòng)名詞
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在后)
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí))
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前。）
3.分詞
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. （非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的比較
1.動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式在用法上的比較
(1)一般說(shuō)來(lái)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在意義上是比較抽象的、一般的，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)，不是指某一次的動(dòng)作；而動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的
動(dòng)作則往往是具體的一次行為。例如：
1）I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，常常是句子的主語(yǔ)或句中的某個(gè)詞；而動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可能是句子主語(yǔ)或句中某個(gè)詞，也可能是泛
指一般人物，在句子里是找不著的。例如：
1）I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想閑坐著。)（指自己）
2）I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜歡開(kāi)會(huì)不說(shuō)會(huì)后亂說(shuō)。)（可能指自己，也可能泛
指一般人）
(3)有些詞后既可接動(dòng)名詞亦可接動(dòng)詞不定式，但意義不同，如stop, remember, forget, neglect, omit, dislike, detests,
begin, continue, start, regret, intend, attempt, propose等。例如：
When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (talking 是賓語(yǔ)，指停止講話這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
When the teacher came in, the students stopped to talk. (to talk是目的狀語(yǔ)，指停下前一動(dòng)作來(lái)進(jìn)行talk)
Remember, forget doing something （指已做過(guò)的事）
Remember, forget to do something (指未做過(guò)的事)
2.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1)作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。分詞往往表示它所修飾的詞所做的動(dòng)作，即邏輯主語(yǔ)是它所修飾的詞；動(dòng)名詞往往表示與它所修飾的詞有關(guān)的
動(dòng)作，即所修飾的詞不能充當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：
the raging storm (= the storm that is raging) (狂暴的風(fēng)雨)（分詞）
scorching heat (= heat that is scorching) (炙人的熱氣)（分詞）
sleeping car (= a car for sleeping) (動(dòng)名詞)
working method (= method of working)(動(dòng)名詞)
(2)作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)保持它的形容詞特征，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)保持它的名詞特征。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)常可與主語(yǔ)互換位
置，分詞則不行。例如：
The novel is interesting. ( 現(xiàn)在分詞)
My job is teaching English. (動(dòng)名詞)
(3)作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。分詞具有副詞特征，可以直接用作狀語(yǔ)；動(dòng)名詞不具有副詞特征，不能單獨(dú)作狀語(yǔ)，只有與介詞結(jié)合時(shí)才能作
狀語(yǔ)。例如：
1) Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. (分詞作狀語(yǔ))
2) Given another chance, I’ll do it much better. (分詞作狀語(yǔ))
3) After finishing his homework, he went to the reading-room. (動(dòng)名詞與介詞一起作狀語(yǔ))
4) On coming in she laid a file of documents upon the table. (動(dòng)名詞與介詞一起作狀語(yǔ))
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
動(dòng)詞不定式只說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，而分詞則說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. (在那時(shí)，他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在隔壁房間里唱歌。)
2)Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那時(shí)，他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人正在隔壁房間里唱歌。)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表
示的動(dòng)作之前。
