1. 完全倒裝
a. Look, here ______.
b. Look, here ______.
A. he comes, the bus comes B. comes he, comesthe bus
C. comes he, the bus comes D. he comes, comes the bus
此題應(yīng)選D。容易誤選A, B。這里涉及倒裝問(wèn)題。
倒裝通常分可為完全倒裝(謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)前)和部分倒裝(使用一般疑問(wèn)句的形式)。而完全倒裝通常又有兩種情況：
1. 在描述動(dòng)作的句子, 為了描述生動(dòng), 增強(qiáng)修飾效果, 常將副詞 out, in, down, up, away, off, here, there, now, then, next等位于句首, 從而引起倒裝：
In came the teacher. 老師進(jìn)了來(lái)。
There goes the bell. 響鈴了。
Up went the arrow into the air. 箭颼地一下聲飛到了空中。
2. 為了使句子平衡或上下文聯(lián)系緊密, 常將主語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)置于句首, 從而引起倒裝：
By the window sat a girl. 窗子邊坐著一個(gè)女孩。
At the top of the hill stands a weather station. 山頂上有一個(gè)氣象站。
注意：若主語(yǔ)是代詞, 則不能倒裝：
There he goes. 他走了。
Behind the counter she stood. 她站在柜臺(tái)后。
2. “only＋狀語(yǔ)”置于句首句子要倒裝
Only in this way ______ able to finish the work in time.
A. can you be B. are youC. you can be D. you are
此題應(yīng)選 B。容易誤選D。至于A, C, 這比較容易排除, 因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞 can 不能與 be able to用在同一謂語(yǔ)中。本題之所以要選B而不選D, 主要是因?yàn)榫涫子昧薿nly in thisway 的緣故, 按照英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則：“only＋狀語(yǔ)”位于句首, 句子通常要用倒裝語(yǔ)序(部分倒裝——用一般疑問(wèn)句形式)：
1. “only＋副詞”位于句首：
Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到是我錯(cuò)了。
2. “only＋介詞短語(yǔ)”位于句首：
Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有努力工作你才能成功。
Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在閱覽室才能找到他。
3. “only＋狀語(yǔ)從句”位于句首：
Only when one loses freedom does one know itsvalue. 一個(gè)人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可貴。
注意：若位于句首的不是only＋狀語(yǔ), 而是 only＋賓語(yǔ)等, 則通常無(wú)需倒裝(但有時(shí)也可以倒裝)：
Only a policeman the children saw in the street. 孩子們?cè)诮稚现豢吹揭粋€(gè)警察。
Only one more point will I make. 我只再說(shuō)明一點(diǎn)。
3. 否定詞置于句首句子要倒裝
a. I ______ seen such a good harvest!
b. ______ I seen such a good harvest.
A. have never, Never haveB. never have, Have never
C. have never, Have neverD. never have, Never have
此題應(yīng)選A。這里考察的是否定詞置于句首, 句子用部分倒裝的問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái), 以下否定詞位于句首, 句子要用倒裝(部分倒裝—-用一般問(wèn)句的形式)：seldom, never, little, few, hardly, not, not until, in vain, in no way, by nomeans, on no account, no longer 等：
Never does he come late. 他從不遲到。
Little did he know that the police were afterhim. 他一點(diǎn)也不知道警察在找他。
By no means shall I go there again. 我決不會(huì)再去那兒了。
Hardly had he arrived at the station when thetrain began to leave. 他一到車(chē)站, 火車(chē)就開(kāi)動(dòng)了。
Few students did they see in the classroom. 他們?cè)诮淌覜](méi)看到幾個(gè)學(xué)生。
Not a word did I ever say to him. 我從未對(duì)他說(shuō)過(guò)一句話(huà)。
Not until all the fish in the river died did thevillagers realize how serious the pollutionwas. 直到河里的魚(yú)全死了, 村民們才意識(shí)到污染是多么嚴(yán)重。
4. So do I 與 So I do
—He studies very hard.
—Yes, so ______ and so ______.
A. he did, you did B. did he, did you C. he did, did you D. did he, you did
此題應(yīng)選C。容易誤選B。此題句意為：
—他學(xué)習(xí)很用功。
—是的, 他確實(shí)用功, 你也一樣(用功)。
這里涉及這樣兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 表示前面所述的情況也適合于后面一個(gè)人或事物, 通常在so后用倒裝句式(部分倒裝——用一般問(wèn)句的形式)：
He likes English. So do I. 他喜歡英語(yǔ), 我也一樣。
He was ill and so were his parents. 他病了, 他父母也病了。
順便說(shuō)一句, 在正式文體中, as也可這樣用：
He travelled a great deal, as did most of hisfriends. 他去過(guò)許多地方旅游, 他多數(shù)朋友也一樣。
但是如果前面所述情況為否定式, 則用neither, nor引出倒裝句(此時(shí)不能用so)：
He couldn’t do it, and neither could she. 他做不了, 她也做不了。
He never comes late. Nor do I. 他從不遲到, 我也從不遲到。
2. 后一句子若只是重復(fù)前句的意思, 起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用, so后面不用倒裝句式：
—He has done a good job. 他干得不錯(cuò)。
—So he has. 他的確干得不錯(cuò)。
5. not only…but (also)…連接句子時(shí)的倒裝
Not only ______ a great writer, but ______ a great fighter.
A. he is, he is B. is he, is he C. is he, he is D. he is, is he
此題應(yīng)選C。即not only…but…位于句首連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí), 通常前面一句(not only…)要倒裝, 而后面一句(but…)則不倒裝(即所謂的“前倒后不倒”)。又如：
Not only did he complain about the food, but healso refused to pay for it. 他不僅抱怨飯不好, 而且還拒絕付錢(qián)。
Not only did we lose all our money, but we alsocame close to losing our lives. 我們不僅丟了所有的錢(qián), 而且差點(diǎn)喪了命。
比較以下兩結(jié)構(gòu)：
1. not until…放在句首時(shí), 要用 not until＋狀語(yǔ)(從句)＋倒裝的主句(即所謂的“后倒前不倒”——注意聯(lián)系英語(yǔ)中的“否定詞位于句首要倒裝”)：
Not until the teacher came did we leave. 直到老師來(lái)我們才離開(kāi)。
Not until the war was over did he return home. 直到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束他才返回家鄉(xiāng)。
2. so＋adj. / adv…(that)…放在句首, 通常要倒裝前面的主句, 而后面的從句不倒裝(即所謂的“前倒后不倒”)：
So fast does light travel that it is difficultfor us to imagine its speed. 光傳播得這樣快, 以致于我們無(wú)法想象它的速度。
6. 涉及主語(yǔ)一致的倒裝
In the letter ______ these words, “I love you”.
A. wasB. wereC. sawD. found
此題應(yīng)選B。選項(xiàng)A, C, D都有可能被誤選。
對(duì)于此題, 考生首先要弄清它是一個(gè)倒裝句, 其正常詞序?yàn)椋篢hese words "I love you" were in theletter. 為了結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊和平衡, 才使用此倒裝句式。又如：
輪船上有2000余人。
正：On the ship were more than 2000 people.
正：More than 2000 people were on the ship.
值得注意的是, 以上這類(lèi)倒裝句, 還涉及主謂一致問(wèn)題：
墻后是一些高樹(shù)子。
正：Behind the wall are some tall trees.
誤：Behind the wall is some tall trees.
老師四周?chē)恍┠贻p的學(xué)生。
正：Around the teacher were some young students.
誤：Around the teacher was some young students.
這兩座山之間有一個(gè)小村莊。
正：Between the two hills was a small village.
誤：Between the two hills were a small village.
盒子里有一些小球。
正：In the box are some small balls.
誤：In the box is some small balls.
這類(lèi)句子, 有的考生之所出錯(cuò), 是因?yàn)樗麄儼丫涫椎慕樵~短語(yǔ)看作主語(yǔ), 從而把謂語(yǔ)與介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞保持一致。
關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題, 有個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單的方法可以判定：即在英語(yǔ)中介詞短語(yǔ)通常不能作主語(yǔ), 假若一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)位置是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ), 考生應(yīng)考慮是否是一個(gè)倒裝句。
