【練習五十】

選擇適當的代名詞，如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格(有時會有多種正確的填法)：

1. I don’t know book you bought.

2. Do you know he is from?

3. Please ask him he drinks tea or not.

4. he is thinking about is well known to all of us.

5. Let me guess old you are.

6. May I ask you are so sad?

7. I don’t know he is.

8. Do you know house this is?

9. This is not I want.

10. I don’t care you want to say.

11§2 以that開始的名詞子句

現在我們先試著翻譯以下的句子：

地球是圓的是眾所周知的事。

一種直接了當的翻譯是：

*The earth is round is known to everyone.

遺憾的是，以上的句子是不對，我們必須加一個that到名詞子句里去，以下的翻譯是正確的：

That the earth is round is known to everyone.

我們再來翻譯一個中文句子：

我要求他一定要用功念書。

直接了當的翻譯可能像下面的：

*I demand he must work hard.

這是錯的，我們應該加一個that在這個名詞子句的前面。以下的翻譯才是正確的：

I demand that he must work hard.

雖然我們常看到這種that被省略的情形，我們仍希望大家知道，為保險起見，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：

That the sun rises from the west is wrong.(太陽從西方升起是錯的)

That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.

(大批猶太人在第二次大戰中被殺是歷史上的事實)

I didn’t know that he is such a diligent student.(我不知道他是如此勤快的學生)

I demand that you go away.(我要求你離開)

I suggest that you go swimming every morning.(我建議你每天早上游泳)

That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.

(我們該教孩子們尊敬父母)

I don’t think that he is a good athlete.(我不認為他是一個好運動員)

Do you think that she is a good actress?(你認為她是一個好的演員嗎?)

That he can speak good English helps him.(他能說很好的文，這點對他很有幫助)

I propose that we get married.(我建議我們結婚)

Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.

(我們永遠記住世界上有很多窮人)

Never forget that we should always love one another.(不要忘記我們應該互相友愛)

I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.(我很驚訝地發現他是個天主教徒)

That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.(我們輸了，這件事令我們大感沮喪)

I can hardly believe that his English is so good.(我不能相信他的英文如此之好)

【練習五十一】

請將that加到以下句子去：

1.*I told you you must leave.

2.*I am glad you are here now.

3.*He is an American is unknown to us.

4.*Can you imagine he is Chinese?

5.*Do you think he is a Chinese?

6.*Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.

7.*I do not think he is a bad student.

8.*I am surprised to know she is from Japan.

9.*It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.

10.*Do you believe he is innocent?

11.*I demand my students they work hard.

12.*The sun rises in the east is a fact.

【練習五十二】

將以下句子翻譯成英文：(用that)

1. 我不相信他是我的哥哥。

2. 我勸(advice)他到美國去。

3. 你相信地球是圓的嗎?

4. 我告訴他他一定要讀這本書。

5. 我忘記了你是個小孩。

6. 你能相信我會講英文(speak English)嗎?

7. 他沒有來令我生氣(make me angry)。

8. 我認為他是個好人。

9. 不要忘記世界上有很多窮人。

10. 我知道他教英文。

11. 我從不知道他如此聰明。

12. 我知道他不能來。

13. 我希望他能來。

14. 你相不相信他在臺灣長大的?

15. 我無法決定他該不該念大學。

16. 你告訴我他去年到美國了。

17. 這位老師不知道我的爸爸也是老師。

18. 我要問他明天會不會來我家。

19. 你知道這火車到臺北嗎?

20. 請告訴我你會不會說英文。

11§3 形容詞子句(Adjective Clauses)

在上二節，子句都是用作名詞的。在這一節，我們要介紹一種新的子句，那就是形容詞子句。請看以的中文句子：

位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。

我們不能直接了當地將以上的句子譯成：

*The person live in that house is my brother

第一種辦法是將live in the house改成living in the house，也就是說，我們可以將那個中文句子譯成下列的形式：

The person living in the house is my brother.

以上的句子中，living in the house是一個詞組，我們可以將這個詞組改成子句。因此，以下的翻譯是正確的：

The person who lives in the house is my brother.

在以上的句子中，who lives in the house是一個子句，因為它有主詞，也有動詞。他的作用是形容The person，所以是一個形容詞子句。

由于形容詞子句永遠都是在形容一個名詞，因此我們在這個子句中必需有一個代名詞(pronoun)，像who, when, where, whom等。

以下是一些形容詞子句的例子，讀者應該弄清楚每一個形容詞子句所形容的名詞。

The people who live in the country are often very healthy.

(住在鄉下的人常常很健康)

Do you like people who always talk about themselves.

(你喜歡那些永遠講他自己的人嗎?)

The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.

(我們去年買的房子座落在湖邊)

I met your uncle who has a red car.(我遇見了你的有紅色汽車的叔叔)

Do you know the author who wrote this novel?(你知道寫這本書的作者嗎?)

I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.

(我曾去過狄更司住過的房子)

I don’t remember the year when the Second World War broke out.

(我不記得二次世界大戰哪一年爆發的)

Let me know the date when you got married.(讓我知道你是哪一天結婚的)

I bought the car which Michael Johnson drove.(我下了麥克強森開的車子)

The storm which hit India last week is very strong.

(上周襲擊印度的暴風雨是很強烈的)

I thank all of you who helped me.(我要謝謝所有幫助過我的人)

The girl whom you met last night works in a library.

(你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一個圖書館里工作)

The students whom you taught like you very much.(那些你教過的學生很喜歡你)

I like the professor who taught me English.(我喜歡那位教我英文的老師)

In this country, there are a lot of students who go to school by bus.

(這個國家有很多學生搭乘公車上學)

Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?

(你有沒有聽到有關昨天晚上發生的謀殺案?)

Those who love others will be loved by others.(愛人者人恒愛之)

He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.(他是大家最近在討論的人)

The party which I went to is interesting.(我去參加的宴會很有趣)

The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.(這位我和他談話的教授很和善)

Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big country.

(這個島嶼屬于俄國，俄國是一個大的國家)

請注意以上最后的四個句子，它們有一個共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一個字是一個介系詞(preposition)，我們先看第一個句子：

He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.

這一句話可以分成兩個句子來講

He is a person.

Everyone is talking about him these days.

因此我們將這兩句話合并而成為

He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.

在正式的英文中，我們必須說：

He is a person about whom everyone is talking these days.

再看下一句：

The party Which I went to is interesting.

這句話也可以分成兩句來講：

The party is interesting.

I went to the party.

因此我們將兩個句子合并為一個句子：

The party which I went to is interesting.

正式的講法應該是

The party to which I went is interesting.

同理，在正式英文中，其它二個名詞子句中的介系詞，也應該放到前面去：

The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.

Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big country.

我們還有一點必須在此指出，請看以下錯誤的句子：

*I like the book which you gave it to me.

以上句子中的it是多余的，因為gave的受詞是which，不需要加it。

以下的句子都是錯的：

*He is the person whom everyone loves him.

*He is not the person whom you saw him.

【練習五十三】

將以下句子譯成英文：(用形容詞子句)

1. 我見到那位開快車的孩子。

2. 我們在討論那些有問題的學生。

3. 每天游泳的人一定很強壯。

4. 開車送我去火車站的人是我的學生。

5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。

6. 我喜歡你所寫的詩。

7. 你們談到的那位教授是我的哥哥。

8. 你們所聽到的音樂是藍調韻律(R & B)。

9. 我喜歡那些有圖畫的書。

10. 我不知道林肯在哪一個城市出生的。

11. 我很喜歡你送我的CD。

12. 我昨晚看的電影很無聊(boring)。

【練習五十四】

改錯：

1.*I saw the man who you talked about.

2.*He is not the man who we met.

3.*Those cry very often are usually not liked.

4.*I like to talk to people which are friendly.

5.*I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me.

6.*Do you know the person which every one knows?

7.*Peter is a good singer practices singing everyday.

8.*Do you know Peter who we talked about?

9.*Did you see the person who I spoke to?

10.*I have seen the person whom we talked about him.

【練習五十五】

將代名詞如when, where, which等填入空格：

1. He is the man is very good in English.

2. I don’t know the person you talked to.

3. This is not the house the president lives.

4. I do not like any one cries frequently.

5. Did you read the book you bought last month?

6. Do you know the year the Second World War ended?

7. Do you know that student I taught?

8. I have no idea about the person you are talking about.

9. Do you know he is talking about?

10. Do you know dress it is?

第十二章 冠詞(Articles)

假設我們要翻譯以下的中文句子：

他是聰明的孩子

也許我們會將以上的句子翻譯成以下的句子：

* He is clever baby.

這種翻譯是錯的，boy的前面，必須有一個冠詞，英文冠詞只有兩個：a和the，在這個例子，我們應該加a，因此正確的翻譯是：

He is a clever boy.

我們現在再看以下的中文句子：

他是昨天來看我的孩子。

以下的翻譯是錯的：

* He is boy who came to see me yesterday.

為什么錯呢?仍然是在于boy前面沒有冠詞，這次我們必須加the，正確的翻譯是：

He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.

一般來說，英文句子的單數名詞前面都會有冠詞，沒有冠詞是例外，以下的句子都是錯的：

* He saw cat.

* Swimming is good exercise.

* Java is computer language.

* King of England died last night.

* He is professor who taught me English.

正確的句子是：

He saw a cat.

Swimming is a good exercise.

Java is a computer language.

The King of England died last night.

He is the professor who taught me English.

我們知道大多數的名詞前面要加冠詞，但究竟要加a，還是the呢?我們在下一節討論。

12§1 a和the之不同用法

a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名詞不是指定的，而the后面的名詞是有所指的。我們不妨看以下的兩個句子，他們都是正確的，但意義卻不同。

John is a boy.

John is the boy.

〝John is a boy.〞的意思是〝約翰是一個男孩〞，而〝John is the boy.〞的意思就完不同了，我們一定曾經提到過某一個男孩子，而約翰就是那個男孩子。可能的情形是：There is a boy who is very good in mathematics. John is the boy.

我們就以〝國王〞為例，如果我們泛指一般的國王，我們可以用復數，也可以用單數，但必須用a，以下是一些例子：

Kings are also human beings.

Even a king will die sooner or later.

Have you ever met a king ?

I do not like to be a king.

He is an ordinary person, not a king.

如果我們的國王是指某一個特定的國王，就必須用the，舉一個例子;如果我們說〝國王萬歲〞，我們當然是指我們的國王，因此〝國王萬歲〞的翻譯就是

Long live the King.

以下的例子都是正確

Here comes the King.

The King is a popular person in our country.

Even the King of England can not come in.

讀者應該了解，同類型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意義是完全不同的，請看以下的句子：

He is not a boy who would cheat others.

意思是：

他不是那種會欺騙別人的男孩子。

再看以下的句子：

He is not the boy who cheated in an examination yesterday.

他不是昨天在考試中舞弊的男孩。

再看以下的句子：

He is a King.

意思是〝他是一個國王〞。

如果說

He is the King.

意思就完全不同了，這句話的意思是〝他是我們國家的國王〞。

請注意，世界上國王有好多個，如果我們僅僅說他是一個國王，當然沒有指定哪一個國家的國王，就用a king，如果我們用the King意思當然指我們共識中的國王。這時的King中的K必須大寫，以示尊敬。

我們再舉一個例子：

Please open a window.

是指請開一扇窗子，隨便哪一扇都可以。

Please open the window.

就不同了，說這句話的人和聽這句話的人一定有一個共識，〝the window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也許這間房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他們談話中曾經提到某一扇窗，〝the window〞就是指那一扇窗。

我們可以再舉一個例，假如我們說，〝我們需要一場大雨〞，我們說

We need a heavy rain.

如果我們說，〝這場雨好大〞，我們說

The rain is really heavy.

有了這個基本觀念以后，我們就很容易了解以下句子中，為什么要用the：

I am going to the train station.

The post office is quite near.

Where is the library?