直接引語和間接引語
一、 間接引語的概念和變化規(guī)律
1、間接引語是用自己的話去轉述別人的話。
引用或轉述別人說的話時，采用兩種形式：一是一字不改地將別人的話加以引用，這叫直接引語;二是用自己的話加以轉述，這叫間接引語。一般來講，直接引語須放在引號內(nèi)，間接引語不必用引號，而且多用賓語從句的形式表達。例如：
She said, “I was ill yesterday.”
→She said that she had been ill the day before.
由以上例句可以看出，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，不僅把直接引語變?yōu)橘e語從句，增加連詞that，而且還需相應地改變代詞、動詞和狀語。如I 變成了she，was變成had been，yesterday變成the day before。
2、直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱代詞要根據(jù)轉述人的立場作相應變動。
人稱代詞的變動情況要根據(jù)語境及轉述人的不同作相應變化，一般情況下，與漢語中的變化相同。可記住一個口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。即第一人稱按照主句中的主語變化，第二人稱按照主句中的賓語變化，第三人稱一般不需要變化。例如：
1) He said, “I am glad to see you.”
→He said that he was glad to see me.
2) “Do you know the man over there?” Mary said to Tom.
→Mary asked Tom if he knew the man over there.
3) Jim said to me, “Jane left her schoolbag at home.”
→Jim told me that Jane had left her schoolbag at home.
3、間接引語中動詞時態(tài)的變化。
1)當引述的動詞為現(xiàn)在時形式時，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)不變。例如：
Tom says, “Our teacher is kind to us.”
→Tom says that their teacher is kind to them.
2)當引述的動詞為過去時形式時，間接引語中的動詞作如下變更：
一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時 過去進行時→不變
一般過去時→過去完成時 將來進行時→過去將來進行時
一般將來時→過去將來時 現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時
現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時 過去完成時→不變
He said, “I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.”
→He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.
如果所轉述的內(nèi)容表示客觀真理或有表示某一絕對具體的過去時間作狀語，間接引語中動詞的時態(tài)不變。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.
He said, “I was born in 1980.”
→He said that he was born in 1980.
4、直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和表示“方向”動詞的變化。
this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.
如果在當?shù)剞D述， here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為 go; 如果在當天轉述，yesterday，tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。例如：
Kate said, “I will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.”
→Kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their English.(不是在當天當?shù)剞D述)
→Kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.(在當天當?shù)剞D述)
二、當直接引語是陳述句時
直接引語是陳述句時，間接引語用that引導，但在口語中that可以省去。從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等要作相應的變化。例如：
She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
三、當直接引語是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句時
1、原句若為一般疑問句時，用whether或if 轉述;原句若為選擇疑問句時，用whether…or…/…or not;原句若為反意疑問句，則常用whether或if 轉述。
2、疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。
3、主句中的謂語動詞為said時，要改為asked;沒有間接賓語時，可以加一個間接賓語(如me，him等)。
4、句末用句號。
5、從句中的人稱、動詞時態(tài)和狀語等也要作相應的變化。
He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if /whether I was interested in English.
I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
“You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.
→She asked (me) whether/if I had already got well.
四、當直接引語是特殊疑問句時
如果直接引語是特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時，仍用原句中的wh-類的詞引導，其余的變化同直接引語為一般疑問句的情況2—5條一樣。例如：
“What is your name?” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
He asked: “Where are you to get off, Peter?”
→He asked Peter where he was to get off.
如果在直接引語的特殊疑問句中，疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語，則語序不需要變化。例如：
“Whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father.
→The boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
五、當直接引語是祈使句時
直接引語為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語可用如下的結構“主語+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。
1、需將原祈使句中謂語動詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。
2、原主句謂語動詞said須改為asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意義的能帶賓補的及物動詞。
3、原句有“please”時，主句謂語多用asked(請求)，并去掉please。例如：
He said to me, “Shut the window, please.”
→He asked me to shut the window.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise.”
→He told us not to make so much noise.
如果以let開頭的祈使句表示勸告或建議，可用“suggest + that從句”或“suggest doing”來轉述。例如：
“Let’s go to the cinema.” Tom said.
→Tom suggested that they (should) go to the cinema.
→Tom suggested going to the cinema.
六、直接引語是感嘆句時
直接引語是感嘆句變間接引語時仍可用what或how引導，詞序不變，也可用that 引導，將句子變成相應的名詞性從句。例如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”
→She said what a lovely day it was.
→She said that it was a lovely day.
直接引語和間接引語練習題
將下列句中的直接引語改為間接引語
1. I said to/ordered my boy, “Go home.”
2. The doctor said to her, “Don’t eat too much fat.”
3. “Have you any difficulty?” he asked me.
4. He said/asked, “Is she coming?”
5. He said/asked, “Where have you been?”
6. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier?” I asked her.
7. He asked me, “How long will it take to go there by plane?”
8. He told/said to me, “Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809.”
9. He asked me, “Do you study English or French?”
10. He said, “How happy I am!”
