中國人輕松學英語常用語法(4)
第四章完成式（Perfect Tense）
4§1 現在完成式（Present Perfect Tense）
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle，每一個動詞，都有過去式和過去分詞，以下就是一些例子：
原式過去式 過去分詞（pastparticiple）
go wentgone
comecamecome
see saw seen
do did done
watch watched watched
get got gotten（或got）
havehad had
use usedused
buy bought bought
listen listenedlistened
drawdrewdrawn
paint painted painted
leave leftleft
arrive arrived arrived
dance danced danced
killkilled killed
write wrote written
run ran run
swimswamswum
snowsnowed snowed
eat ate eaten
loveloved loved
fly flewflown
spread spread spread
hit hit hit
drink drank drunk
taketooktaken
growgrewgrown
sellsoldsold
rideroderidden
steal stole stolen
break broke broken
walkwalked walked
readreadread
singsangsung
workworked worked
以下的句子都是用了現在完成式：
I have read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I have lived here since 1973.
I have studied English for a long time.
He has washed his hands.
He has left.
He has already completed the report.
The storm has arrived.
I have taken the job.
I have written the letters.
I have not seen him since 1975.
I have never seen this man before.
什么情況之下要用現在完成式呢？
1.首先假設我們有一件事，發生在過去，而一直延續到現在，就要用現在完成式，這種句子后面常有since或for。以下是這種情形的例子：
（1）自從1963年，我一直在念英文。
I have studied English since 1963.
（2）自從1975年以后，我就住在這里。
I have lived here since 1975.
（3）自從我是一個小孩子，我就喜歡搖滾樂。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a child.
（4）自從去年，我就從來沒有見過他。
Since last year, I have never seen him.
（5）自從1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。
He has worked here since 1950.
（6）我認識他已經很久了。
I have known him for a long time.
（7）他練習網球已經四年了。
He has already practiced tennis for （the past） four years.
（8）我穿這件夾克很久了。
I have worn this jacket for a very long time.
（9）我開這輛汽車很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
（10）好久沒有下雨了。
It has not rained for a long time.
2.使用現在完成式的另一情況是強調已經完成的事，比方說，你說〝我已經寫了那封信〞，就可以用現在完成式，或者，你說〝他已經完成了工作〞。以下是這類的例子：
（1）我已經寫了這封信。
I have already written the letter.
（2）他已經完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
（3）我已經測試了這個程序。
I have already tested the program.
（4）我已經收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
（5）他已搬到了一個較大的房子。
He has already moved to a bigger house.
（6）雖然他很年輕，但他已寫了三本小說。
Although he is young, he has already written three novels.
（7）我打了二次電話給他，他都沒有回答。
I called him twice, he has never answered.
3.現在完成式用來表示一種經驗，舉例來說，〝我曾經到過美國〞、〝我曾見過李總統〞、〝我有生以來沒有跳過舞〞，這些都應該用現在完成式，例如：
（1）我曾經到過美國。
I have been to America.
（2）我曾見過李總統。
I have seen President Lee.
（3）我有生以來沒有跳過舞。
I have never danced in my life.
（4）我看過〝雙城記〞。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.
（5）他曾吃過這種冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice cream.
（6）我未曾見過雪。
I have never seen snow.
（7）你曾見過雪嗎？
Have you ever seen snow?
（8）你登過玉山嗎？
Have you ever climbed Jade Mountain？
4.現在完成式可以用來表示一件過去常發生的事：
（1）今年我國已有二次臺風。
We have already had two typhoons so far this year.
（2）他今年已發表了三篇論文。
He has already published three papers this year.
（3）過去一年，我看了三次〝鐵達尼號〞。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.
對讀者而言，最重要的是〝現在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事，而且指定特定的時間，就一定要用〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現在完成式〞。比方說，〝我曾經看過「鐵達尼號」〞，可以用現在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達尼號」〞，就一定用過去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較：
（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
（c）I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
（d）I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
（e）I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
以下的句子是錯的，請特別注意：
＊（1）I have seen the movie last year.
＊（2）I have never been to America last year.
＊（3）He has never finished his work last night.
現在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子：
（1）I have already had dinner.
（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
（3）It has not rained for a long time.
（4）I have never talked to this man before.
（5）I have never met your father.
（6）Have you ever been to America?
（7）He has already won three awards.
（8）I have stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說來， never 有否定的意思，ever則只有在問句中才會出現。
