主謂一致指主語和謂語動詞之間在"人稱"和"數"方面的一致關系,又叫"主動一致"。處理主謂一致關系必須遵循:語法一致,意義一致,毗鄰一致三條原則。例如:
Two girls were standing on the corner.(語法一致)
The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.(意義一致)
Either my brothers or my father is coming.(毗鄰一致)
本文著重討論英語中what分句、關系分句、分裂句和存在句中的主謂一致等問題。
1.what 分句的主謂一致
what 引導的分句作主語時,謂語動詞既可用單數形式,也可用復數形式。
1)如果what分句指的是抽象概念或某一具體事物,謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如:
What is beautiful is not always good.漂亮的并不總是好的。
What he said just now seems untrue.他剛才說的似乎不是真的。
What the boy wants is a toy car.這孩子想要的是一輛玩具車。
2)如果what分句指的是兩個或兩個以上的東西或者what=those things which,謂語動詞要用復數形式。例如:
What I want to buy are fish and chicken.我想要買的是魚和肉。
What are often regarded as poisonous
fungi are sometimes safely edible.一些常認為有毒的菌類有時都可以放心地食用。
2.關系分句中主謂一致
關系分句中,關系代詞作主語時,謂
語動詞和先行詞的人稱、數一致。例如:
I ,who am your friend ,will try my best to help you.我作為你的朋友會盡力幫助你的。
The astronauts who are reported to be very cheerful,are expected to land on the moon shortly.據說,那些興高采烈的宇航員們可望不久登上月球。
The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.保證減稅的政府將會得人心。
在"one of+復數名詞+關系分句"結構中,關系分詞中動詞通常依照語法一致原則用復數形式。
This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.這是今年出版的最佳小說之一。
Mr.Gilman is one of those men who appear to be friendly;however,it is hard to deal with him.吉爾曼先生屬于那些表面上對人友好的人;實際上很難和他打交道。
但如果在這類結構之前有定冠詞 the或者有the only等限定詞和強調詞時,關系分詞動詞形式依one而定,用單數。
例如:
Tom is the only one of the staff members who is going to be transferred.湯姆是工作人員中唯一將調動工作的人。
He is the only one of those boys who was given a prize.他是這些孩子中唯一受到獎勵的人。
3.分裂句中的主謂一致
在分裂句中"It is......that/who一分句"中的動詞形式通常依先行項而定。例如:
It is Jim who is going to do it.是吉姆去做這項工作。
It is I who am to blame.應受責備的是我。
但在非正式語體中,此分裂句中心成分可用賓格代詞me,這時,隨后的 that一分句動詞通常用第三人稱單數。例如:
It is me that is to blame.
It is me that was injured in the accident.在事故中受傷的是我。
4.存在句中的主謂一致
在存在句中,謂語動詞與其后面的主語一致。一般說來,主語是單數,動詞也用單數,主語是復數,動詞也是用復數。例如:There is a big lake in the centre of the city.城市的中心有一個大湖。
There are three rooms left.還剩三間房。
當用作主語的并列結構是物質名詞或抽象名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
例如:
There is bread and milk for breakfast.早餐有牛奶和面包。
There was singing and laughing in the opposite room.對門屋里有說有笑。
主謂一致關系對英語學習者來說,掌握上有一定的困難,須多多練習。