... must have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋must have＋過(guò)去分詞…
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“一定曾經(jīng)…”。本<句型>是對(duì)過(guò)去之事做肯定之推測(cè)，而“must＋原形<動(dòng)詞>”是對(duì)目前或?qū)?lái)之事做推測(cè)。
Anyway, he must have eaten a lot because now he is fat.
無(wú)論如何，他一定吃了很多東西，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在他胖了。
You must have mistaken her for her sister.
你一定是把她誤認(rèn)為是她的姊妹了。
They must have left.
他們一定是離開(kāi)了。
The rubbing must have worked.
搓揉一定是有效了。
They must have read the article.
他們一定讀過(guò)這篇文章。
You must have seen him before.
你以前一定見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
He must have forgotten my name.
他一定忘了我的名字。
He must have told you about it.
他一定告訴過(guò)你這件事。
Tom must have taken your dictionary by mistake.
湯姆一定是弄錯(cuò)了才拿了你的字典。
The poet must have been very young when he wrote this poem.
詩(shī)人寫這首詩(shī)時(shí)一定非常年輕。
... may have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋may／might have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“很可能曾經(jīng)…”。表示對(duì)過(guò)去之事做不太肯定的推測(cè)。而“may／might＋原形<動(dòng)詞>”是對(duì)現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)事物做推測(cè)。might have 所表示的可能性要比 may have 低一些。
He may have overslept this morning.
今天早上他或許睡過(guò)頭了。
The tea is hot; he may have been here before.
茶還熱著，不久前他很可能在這里。
He may have known the truth; otherwise he wouldn’t be so angry now.
他當(dāng)時(shí)很可能知道事情的真相，否則他不會(huì)這么生氣。
The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.
這男孩當(dāng)時(shí)也許知道真相，但我不很確定。
... cannot have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋cannot have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“不可能曾經(jīng)…”。是對(duì)過(guò)去之事做否定的推論，此時(shí)一定要用 cannot have 或 cannot，不能使用 must not have 或 must not。而“cannot＋原形<動(dòng)詞>”是對(duì)目前或?qū)?lái)之事做否定的推論。
She cannot have written the letter herself.
這封信不可能是她自己寫的。
He is honest, so he cannot have stolen my money.
他是個(gè)老實(shí)人，所以他不可能偷了我的錢。
He cannot have caught a cold, because I saw him dancing with Mary the same day.
他不可能感冒，因?yàn)楫?dāng)天我還看到他跟瑪麗跳舞。
... would have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋would have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“原本會(huì)…但卻未如此”。用以表示“與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反”的<假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣>。
He would have attended meeting, but upon learning that he had no time, he dropped the idea.
他原本要出席會(huì)議的，但知道沒(méi)有時(shí)間，就打消了這個(gè)念頭。
I would have told you the truth, but you didn’t give me a chance.
我本來(lái)要告訴你事情的真相，但是你不給我機(jī)會(huì)。
I would have done it, but I had no time.我本來(lái)要辦這事的，可是沒(méi)時(shí)間。
She would have married him, but when she learned that he was a rascal, she parted with him.
她本來(lái)會(huì)嫁給他的，但知道他是個(gè)流氓后，她就離開(kāi)他了。
... could have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋could have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“原本能夠…但卻未如此”。
He could have bought the car, but soon his company went bankrupt.
他本來(lái)能買那輛車的，但沒(méi)多久他的公司就倒閉了。
He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.
他原本能按預(yù)定進(jìn)度做完這件事的，但不知怎地卻落后了。
I could have done it if I had wanted to.
如果我那時(shí)想做，我能做得到的。
... should have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋should／ought to have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“原本應(yīng)當(dāng)…但卻未如此”。此<句型>表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)之過(guò)去的行為、狀態(tài)，含有講話者的責(zé)難或遺憾之意。
You should have spoken up in the meeting.
會(huì)談時(shí)你實(shí)在應(yīng)該發(fā)言（然而你卻沒(méi)有）。
He should at least have come to say good-by.
他至少也該來(lái)道個(gè)別（然而卻沒(méi)來(lái)）。
He ought to have kept his promise.
他原本應(yīng)該遵守自己的諾言。
You should have been more careful in money matters.
在錢方面，你本當(dāng)更小心點(diǎn)的。
He ought to have arrived there by now.
他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該已經(jīng)到那里了。
The drama drew a capacity audience; you should have gone to see it.
這出戲吸引了滿場(chǎng)觀眾；你真該去看的。
I should have known better
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋should have known better（than to＋原形動(dòng)詞）
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“本來(lái)不應(yīng)該那樣笨（而…）”，是指已經(jīng)做過(guò)之事，而 know better（不致那樣笨）是指未做之事。
I should have known better.
我本來(lái)不應(yīng)該那樣笨。
You should have known better than to talk like that.
你本應(yīng)更懂事而不致說(shuō)這樣的話。
You should have known better than to go mountain climbing alone.
你本來(lái)不該笨得單獨(dú)去爬山。
I know better than to go swimming after dinner.
我不致笨得吃過(guò)飯就去游泳。
... need not have V-ed ...
結(jié)構(gòu)︰主詞＋need not have＋過(guò)去分詞
說(shuō)明︰此句型意為“原本不必…但卻…”。表示“與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反”的<假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣>，即做了沒(méi)有必要做的事。而“didn’t need to＋原形<動(dòng)詞>”則表示“過(guò)去的事實(shí)”，譯為“當(dāng)時(shí)不必…而且也沒(méi)…”。need not have 在<疑問(wèn)句>中表對(duì)過(guò)去之必要性的強(qiáng)烈疑問(wèn)，即“有…的必要嗎？”。
You need not have bought extra oil for this short trip.
在這么短的旅程中，你實(shí)在沒(méi)有必要多買油。
You need not have got up so early.
你不必起得那么早。
Need he have gone to the station to meet her?
他有必要到車站去接她嗎？
He need not have come. (But he came.)
當(dāng)時(shí)他不必來(lái)。（但卻來(lái)了）
He didn’t need to come. (And he didn’t come.)
當(dāng)時(shí)他不必來(lái)。（而且也沒(méi)來(lái)）
It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella with me.
那天天氣很好，我原本不必帶傘的（但卻帶了）。
