正式和非正式英語(yǔ)的一些表達(dá)形式
語(yǔ)言是交際的工具，為了達(dá)到更好的交際目的，人們 根據(jù)情景和交際的目的選擇不同的文體。正式語(yǔ)言和非正式語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用是交際中重要的文體形式。在英語(yǔ)中正式英語(yǔ)用于比較嚴(yán)肅的場(chǎng)合，而非正式的英語(yǔ)用于比較隨便的場(chǎng)合。下面是一些正式英語(yǔ)和非正式英語(yǔ)的形式。
1. 狀語(yǔ)
1) 時(shí)間，原因和條件狀語(yǔ)可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式，也可以用狀語(yǔ)從句的形式，一般的說(shuō)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式比狀語(yǔ)從句形式正式。
Being (As he was) a farmer, he had to get up early.
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we shall go.
2)方式和程度狀語(yǔ)可用介詞短語(yǔ)，也可以用副詞表示，一般說(shuō)，介詞短語(yǔ)比副詞正式。
He spoke in a confident way/with confidence. (Confidently)
3) 英語(yǔ)中用一些副詞有兩種形式，一種是-ly形式，一種是同形容詞的形式相同，一般說(shuō)，前者比后者正式。
He read loudly (loud).
I guessed rightly (right).
4) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 `how (who, when, what) ever‘ 的形式比 no matter how (who, when, what) 的形式正式。
Whoever (No matter who) he is, I wont‘ see him.
2. 代詞
I. 關(guān)系代詞
1) 定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞`Whom‘ 比 `who‘正式。 Whom (Who) are you waiting for?
He is the person whom (who) I met the other day.
2) 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞`Who‘ `whom‘ and `which‘比 `that‘ 正式。
He is the person who (that) is well-known here.
This is the book which (that) I bought yesterday.
I know the person whom (that) you spoke to.
3) 指時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的從句 `Prep + which‘ 比 `when‘ and `where‘ 從句正式。 This is the place in which (where) I worked.
That is the day on which (when) I came.
II. 人稱代詞
1) 通常在比較級(jí)中主格比賓格正式。 He is taller than I (me).
Who is there? It is I. (me)
2) 在動(dòng)名詞前，所屬格比主格正式。 Do you mind my (me) smoking?
3) 單數(shù)人稱代詞比復(fù)數(shù)正式。
Everyone should do his (their) duty.
Give me (us) a kiss, darling.
Everyone thinks he knows (they know) the answer.
4) 指作者本人用 `We‘ 比 `I‘ 正式。 As we (I) showed it is not an easy question.
5) 泛指人時(shí)，`One‘ 比 `you‘ 正式。 One (You) never knows what may happen.
6) 在復(fù)合句中，主句和從句中的主語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)名詞和代詞時(shí)，主句中用名詞比用人稱代詞正式。 The plane took off as soon as it had refueled.
(It took off as soon as the plane had refueled.)
III. 指示代詞
1) 當(dāng)`This‘ 和 `that‘都是后指時(shí)，‘that‘ 比 `this‘ 正式。 That (This) is what I thought.
2) `that/those‘ 作為先行詞比名詞正式。 Those flowers are better than those which (the flowers) we planted last year.
3. 主謂一致
1) 單數(shù)比復(fù)數(shù)正式。 None /Neither of them has (have) arrived yet.
2) 復(fù)數(shù)比單數(shù)正式。 If I were (was) you I would do that.
Neither his wife nor his child have (has) arrived.
There are (is) hundreds of people outside.
3) 和kind 連用的名詞單數(shù)比復(fù)數(shù)正式。 This kind of dog (These kinds of dogs are) is easy to train.
I like most kind of cat (cats).
4. 倒裝句比不倒裝句正式。
Had I known it (If I had known it) I would have told you.
Hardly have I seen this. (I have hardly seen this.)
Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked.
(The door must be left unlocked under no circumstances.)
Most of the problems a computer could solve easily.
(A computer could solve most of the problems easily.)
5. 不省略的形式比省略的形式正式。
I know that he is a famous writer.
He is a person whom I have known for several years.
I spent all the week in writing my paper.
I saw her on the day after her birthday.
We are going to visit China in the following spring.
You can borrow my pen if you want to borrow.
He suggested that we should come early.
6. 介詞前提比介詞結(jié)尾的句子正式。
He is a person on whom we can rely (whom we can rely on).
With what did he write it? (What did he write it with?)
7. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1) 用于請(qǐng)求時(shí)，`May‘ 比 `can‘ 正式。 May (Can) I use your bike?
2) 用于請(qǐng)求時(shí)，`Would‘ 和 `Could‘ 比 `will‘ 和 `can‘ 正式。 Would /Could (Will/Can) you like to give a speech?
8. 泛指時(shí)定冠詞比名詞復(fù)數(shù)正式。
The horse is a very useful animal.
(Horses are very useful animals.)
9. 從句比不定式的形式正式。
It is important that we should do it (for us to do it).
It seems that he is a teacher. (He seems to be a teacher.)
10. 其它的一些句子。
1) If you come early, you will see him. (Come early and you will see him.)
2) I shall try and do it. (I shall try to do it.)
3) He is so young that he can not dress himself.
(He is too young to dress himself.)
4) It is so beautiful a city. (It is such a beautiful city.)
5) Haven‘t you heard the news? (Have you not heard the news?)
6) To my surprise, I hear the news. ( I‘m surprised to hear the news.)
7) We start for Beijing tonight. (We are starting for Beijing tonight.)
8) To begin with, (First) we must consider this thoroughly.
9) I go to see my old friend occasionally (now and then).
10) I am hence (therefore) unable to help you.
11) By the way, (Incidentally) do you know something about this?
12) I was ill therefore (so) I could not come.
13) He spoke loudly in order that (so that) every one could hear him.
14) You should work hard even though (even if) you have made great progress.
15) They asked me whether (if) they would come.
16) He still works hard although (though) he is old.
17) He took his umbrella lest (for fear that ) it should rain.
18) Don‘t come otherwise (or) I shall fire.
19) He failed to go there on account of (because of ) the rain.
20) He works hard despite (in spite of) his old age.
21) In my opinion (I think) he is not correct.
22) He got up early in order to (so as to) have more time to study.
23) He went there once per (a) day.
24) Many (lots of) people get much (a lot of) pleasure from music.
25) He has little (not much) money and few (not many) friends.
26) I fear (am afraid) that he will not come.
27) I have to (have got to ) see my friend.
28) Phone me again within (in) a weak.
29) What on earth (in the hell) are you doing?
