英語動詞有主動語態(tài)(the active voice)和被動語態(tài)(the passive voice)兩種形式。如果主語是謂語動詞的主宰,這就是主動語態(tài);如果賓語成為動作的執(zhí)行者,這就是被動語態(tài)。
在下列兩個句子中,(a)是主動語態(tài),(b)是被動語態(tài)。
① a. I have just bought a new book.
b. A new book has just been bought by me.
② a. Tom will invite you to dinner.
b. You will be invited to dinner by Tom.
主動轉被動語態(tài)的步驟
從主動語態(tài)轉換為被動語態(tài)時,必須按照下列步驟進行:
⒈把謂語動詞后頭的賓語移到句首當主語。如果沒有賓語或者不是賓語的句子成分, 就沒有新主語;這句話也就不能有被動語態(tài)了。
⒉如果有兩個賓語(即直接賓語和間接賓語),只要把其中一個變成主語即可, 其他一個保留在原位。
⒊用助動詞“be + 過去分詞”的動詞形式,并和主語的人稱、數(shù)目配合;動詞時態(tài)也要和主動語態(tài)里的配合。
⒋如果主動語態(tài)中有語氣動詞(如:must, can, should)等,就以這個語氣動詞和“be + 過去分詞”連用。
⒌把主動語態(tài)里的主語移到句末, 但要在它前面加上介詞“by ”。通常,這個“by + 主語”的短語,都被省略了。
⒍如果謂語動詞是片語動詞(the phrasal verb)的話, 就要把片語動詞當一個單位處理。例如:
③ a. We must do the work.
b. The work must be done (by us)。
④ a. John gave Anne a pen.
b. Anne was given a pen by John 或 A pen was given to Anne by John.
⑤ a. They have put off the meeting.
b. They meeting has been put off.
使用被動語態(tài)的情況
一般上說,我們用主動語態(tài)的時候多,用被動語態(tài)的時候少。然而,如果我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,我們只有被動語態(tài)這條路可走:
⑥ A cat was knocked down.
⑦ Electricity is widely used in all cities.
⑧ The annual sports meet may be held in three months.
此外,在下列情況下,也最好用被動語態(tài):
⒈賓語比主語重要,必須突出,如:
⑨ A thief was arrested.
⑩ The waste paper has been burnt.
如果把⑨和⑩改為主動語態(tài),就平淡乏味了:
△The police arrested a thief.
△Someone has burnt the waste paper.
⒉不方便提到主語;在此情況下, 常用“it”來引導,如:
11. It is said that the government will raise the income tax.
⒊有些動詞多以被動語態(tài)出現(xiàn),如:
12. All are expected to come early.
13. The report was based on the findings of a survey.