一、詞匯手段表強(qiáng)調(diào)
英語中有些詞在句中起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的動(dòng)詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞等。常見的如下:
(一)do表強(qiáng)調(diào)
1.在一般句型中,do(does,did)常用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞的語氣,在句中要重讀,且需符合下列兩個(gè)條件:1句子是肯定句;2句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。此時(shí)的do可譯為“真的”、“果真”、“的確”、“確實(shí)”等。例如: You do look nice today.你今天看起來真的很漂亮。Jack said he would come and he did come.杰克說他要來,他果真來了。
2.在祈使句中,do表強(qiáng)意的請(qǐng)求,而不是命令,有時(shí)它可以使邀請(qǐng)對(duì)方的心意更加客氣、熱情、友好,而且親切,此時(shí)的do可譯為“務(wù)”、“務(wù)必”等。例如:Please do sit down.務(wù)請(qǐng)坐下。Do be careful!請(qǐng)務(wù)必小心謹(jǐn)慎! Do tell me all about it.I’ll keep it a dead secret.請(qǐng)告訴我吧,我一定嚴(yán)守秘密。
(二)good表強(qiáng)調(diào)
1.形容詞good置于名詞或形容詞之前,可以起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,在不同的句子中可譯為:“足足”、“整整”、“狠狠地”、“相當(dāng)”、“很”等。例如:It’ll take you a good four hours to get there.到達(dá)那里足足需要你四個(gè)小時(shí)。His father gave him a good beating.他父親狠狠地揍了他一頓。I covered a good hundred miles that day.那天我整整走了一百英里。
除good之外,cool,solid,clear等詞也可以用來表強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:His father earns a cool thousand dollars a month.他父親每月能掙足足一千美元。 She has been waiting for her husband a solid hour.她等她丈夫等了整整一個(gè)小時(shí)。 The snake measures ten clear feet long.蛇足有十英尺長(zhǎng)。
2.形容詞good和and結(jié)合起來,構(gòu)成good and …表強(qiáng)調(diào),程度副詞作狀語,相當(dāng)于very,thoroughly,completely等,強(qiáng)調(diào)and之后的形容詞或副詞。例如: These apples are good and ripe.這些蘋果完全熟透了。He drove good and fast.他開車相當(dāng)快。When it was good and dark,he left his home。當(dāng)天完全黑了時(shí),他離開了家。
除good之外,形容詞nice,fine,sweet,rare,lovely等詞也可以與and連用表強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:The building stands nice and high.這座建筑挺高。The child was rare and hungry.這孩子餓得慌。It was lovely and cool there.那兒非常涼爽。
(三)very表強(qiáng)調(diào) very常用在the,this,that或物主代詞my,his ,our,your之后,加強(qiáng)名詞的語意,意為“正是”、“就是”、“僅僅”、“甚至”等。例如:You are the very man I’m looking for.你正是我要找的人。At this very moment the telephone rang.就在這個(gè)時(shí)候電話鈴響了。He knows our very thoughts.他甚至了解我們內(nèi)心深處的思想。The fault is your very own.這完全是你自己的錯(cuò)。
(四)only表強(qiáng)調(diào) only常置于單數(shù)名詞之前,以加強(qiáng)名詞的語意,意為“唯一的”、“僅有的”、“最合適的”、“無與倫比的”等。例如:This is the only book of its kind in the world.這本書是世界上僅有的一本。 Mr Brown is the only person able to do it.布朗先生是唯一能勝任的人。She is the only woman for the position.她是那個(gè)職位的最佳人選。
二、語法手段表強(qiáng)調(diào) 語法手段表強(qiáng)調(diào)指的是英語中的某些固定的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,表強(qiáng)調(diào)的句型主要有兩個(gè):“it”強(qiáng)調(diào)句和假擬強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
(一)it強(qiáng)調(diào)句 it強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)為:“It is (was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that(who/whom)+句子的其它成分”,這種強(qiáng)調(diào)句除了不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞外,其它句子成分,如主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語等都可以強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:Anne had a severe heart attack last night.安妮昨晚得了嚴(yán)重的心臟病。此句可以用三個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句分別強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語。It was Anne that had a severe heart attack last night.正是安妮昨晚得了嚴(yán)重的心臟病。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語) It was a severe heart attack that Anne had last night.安妮昨晚得的是嚴(yán)重的心臟病。(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)It was last night that Anne had a severe heart attack.就是在昨晚安妮得了嚴(yán)重的心臟病。(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語) 又如:It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.他們選舉他擔(dān)任的是這個(gè)委員會(huì)的主席。(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓補(bǔ)) It was because she was ill that she didn’t go to school yesterday.正是因?yàn)樗×耍蛱觳艣]去上學(xué)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句)
it強(qiáng)調(diào)句還需注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1.如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語或賓語是人時(shí),可用that也可用who。例如:It is a policeman who (that) my son wants to be.我兒子想當(dāng)?shù)木褪蔷臁?/p>
2.如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人稱代詞,該人稱代詞可以用主格,也可以用賓格。非正式文體中多用賓格。例如:It is he(him)that is to blame.該受責(zé)備的是他。
3.如果原句中含有not…until,轉(zhuǎn)變成強(qiáng)調(diào)句時(shí),其結(jié)構(gòu)為:It is(was)not until…that…。例如:I didn’t get your letter until yesterday.→It wasn’t until yesterday that I got your letter.直到昨天我才收到你的來信。
4.如果原句是一般疑問句,其強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為:Is(Was) it…that…;如果原句是特殊疑問句,其強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為:特殊疑問詞+is (was)it that…。例如:Was it at eight o’clock that you began to work?你是在八點(diǎn)鐘開始工作的嗎? Where was it that you met him?你是在什么地方遇到他的? Why was it that he couldn’t answer the question?他為什么不能回答這個(gè)問題?
(二)假擬強(qiáng)調(diào)句 是一種主系表型的句子結(jié)構(gòu),它的兩種形式:一是“what引導(dǎo)的從句+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分”,另一個(gè)是“被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+be+what引導(dǎo)的從句”。
1.“what引導(dǎo)的從句+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分”。此句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是句中的表語,它可以是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語或名詞。例如:What he could do was (to) wait for the arrival of the doctor.他能做的就是等大夫來。(動(dòng)詞不定式) What the professor has been doing for years is studying the subject.教授幾年來干的事情就是研究這個(gè)問題。(動(dòng)名詞短語) What John wants is a ball.約翰想要的是球。(名詞)
2.“被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+be+what引導(dǎo)的從句”。此句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是句中的主語。例如:A kite was what Bill made at school yesterday.比爾昨天在學(xué)校里制作的是一個(gè)風(fēng)箏。
三、修辭手法表強(qiáng)調(diào) 是一些倒裝句,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的某一成分,或者用來描繪動(dòng)作,抒發(fā)情感,或?yàn)楸3志渥拥钠椒€(wěn)而使用倒裝句。
例如:Never have I seen such a good film.我從來沒看過這么好的電影。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語。So easy was the task that they finished it in a few days.這項(xiàng)工作非常容易,他們幾天就完成了。Such was my study plan.這就是我的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。Buried in the sands was an ancient village.埋在沙土之中的是一個(gè)古老的村莊。
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有關(guān)‘轉(zhuǎn)”’用來表示不同或相反的語氣的常用詞
不定式的特殊句型too…to…
【語法】感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do