成分插入類錯誤
有時一個本來很簡單的句子，由于表達(dá)的需要，在其中置入一個插入成分，或?qū)⒛承┏煞謴恼Ｎ恢谜{(diào)入一個在同學(xué)們看來屬“非正?！钡奈恢?如賓語從句前置等)，則很有可能給同學(xué)們的理解帶來困難（尤其是閱讀能力不是很好的同學(xué)會更感困難）。假若命題人就此命題，那就更麻煩了。請看以下幾個實例：
◇He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he hadearned $1 000 in a single day.
A. thatB. which C. asD. because
你知道句中的 believe it or not 是什么成分嗎？你認(rèn)為此題應(yīng)填 which 嗎？換句話說，填空句是一個非限制性定語從句嗎？如果你正是這樣認(rèn)為的，那你就大錯特錯了。
◇She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him.
A. thatB. if C. that if D. if that
【分析】此題答案應(yīng)選A還是B？另外，that 與 if 可以重迭嗎？若可以，是 that if 還是 if that？其中的 that 可以省略嗎？
◇“Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.” “Sodo I”.
A. hopeB. hopes C. hopingD. hoped
空白處是謂語還是非謂語？該填 hope(s) 還是 hoping? 其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 在句中起什么作用？
你若想知道以上問題的答案，或想知道其他相關(guān)更多問題的答案，請繼續(xù)往下讀。
1. Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves?
A. who B. which C. that D. what
【分析】此題容易誤選 A或B，選 A 者認(rèn)為這是指人的，故用 who；選B者認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語從句，兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語從句(注意沒有先行詞)，其實此題應(yīng)選C，它引導(dǎo)的是一個賓語從句，只是被其中的插入語 my dear friend 隔開罷了。其實此句也可說成 My dear friend, don’t youknow that it is you that she loves? 又如：
I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me.
A. who B. which C. thatD. what
答案選 C，句子可改寫為 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken. 即 that he liked me 是動詞 think 之賓語從句。
2. He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which C. asD. because
【分析】此題容易誤選 B，誤認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語從句。其實此題應(yīng)選 A，that 引導(dǎo)的是一個用以修飾名詞 the news 的同位語從句。不少同學(xué)之所以誤選B，正是 believe it or not（信不信由你）這個插入成分惹的禍。
3. John plays football _________, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
此句的正常結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的：John plays football as well as David, if he doesn’t play football betterthan David. 由于命題者將其后的狀語從句移至句中，且將其省略成 if not better than，不少學(xué)生(尤其是一些閱讀能力較差的學(xué)生)對這個句子的分析感到無從下手，從而導(dǎo)致誤選。此題正確答案應(yīng)為 B。
【分析】此題應(yīng)選B。容易誤選A。這是一個省略句, 其中的if not better than＝if he doesn’t playfootballbetter than。全句意為：吉姆踢足球如果不是比邁克踢得更好, 至少也是一樣好。請做以下類似試題 (答案均選D)：
(1) Her pronunciation is _________, if not better than, her teacher’s.
A. as well B. as well asC. as goodD. as good as
(2) This bridge is _________, if not stronger than, that one.
A. so strongB. as strongC. so strong asD. as strong as
(3) He has been to Paris_________, if not more than, ten times.
A. so much B. so many C. so much D. as many as
4. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that far-awayvillage.
A. untilB. that C. when D. where
分析：此題容易誤選 B，誤認(rèn)為 that 引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句。其實此題應(yīng)選 C，when 引導(dǎo)的是一個修飾 the hours 的定語從句，該題的難點是定語從句與先行詞 the hours被分離了。其實關(guān)系副詞 when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句與先行詞分離的情況在英語中并不少見，如：
(1) The days are gone forever _________ we didn’t have enough to eat.
A. sinceB. thatC. whereD. when
答案選D。when we didn’t have enough to eat 修飾 the days。
(2) I believe the time will soon come _________ there will be no weapons in the world.
A. sinceB. thatC. whereD. when
答案選D。when there will be no weapons in the world 修飾 the time。
5. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________, of course, made theothers unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
許多學(xué)生認(rèn)為此題句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較混亂，逗號太多，難于理清頭緒。請同學(xué)們先看下面一句：Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________ made the othersunhappy. 一般同學(xué)都知道此題應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞 which，用以引導(dǎo)一個非限制性的定語從句。事實上，上面一題就是根據(jù)此題演變出來，只不過在 which 與 made 之間插入了一個 of course。所以上面一題應(yīng)選B。又如：
(1) The meeting was put off, _________, of course, was exactly what we wanted.
A. who B. which C. thisD. what
(2) He was very fond of speaking French, _________, indeed, he spoke well.
A. who B. which C. thisD. what
以上兩題答案均選B，which 引導(dǎo)的為非限制性定語從句，其后的 of course 和 indeed 為插入成分。
6. “Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________ to go to university.” “Sodo I”.
A. hopeB. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
【分析】此題應(yīng)選B，句子的真正主語是 each of the students，空格處填的 hopes 是句子謂語，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入句中修飾主語的非限制定語。又如：
(1) Each of the students, hoping to pass the exam, _________ the book.
A. buyingB. having bought C. must buyD. to buy
答案選C，each of the students 是句子主語，空格處為句子謂語，hoping to pass the exam 是修飾句子主語的非限制性定語。
(2) Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan, _________ a lot of earthquakes.
A. have B. havingC. to have D. having had
答案選A，many countries 是句子主語，空格處為句子謂語。
7. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose _________ to him?”
A. was happening B. to happenC. has happenedD. had happened
【分析】此題容易誤選B，認(rèn)為動詞 suppose 后接動詞用不定式。正確答案應(yīng)是C，其中的 do yousuppose 是插入成分。請看以下類例情形（答案均選D）：
(1) Who do you think _________ the money?
A. to steal B. stealing C. to have stolenD. stole
(2) What do you suppose _________ him think so?
A. to makeB. making C. to have madeD. made
(3) Who do you guess _________ to the station to meet her?
A. to goB. goingC. to have gone D. went
(4) What do you imagine _________ him from going?
A. to preventB. preventingC. to have preventedD. prevented
以下各例中的 do you think (suppose, imagine, guess, etc) 也是插入成分，但其后接的句子用陳述句詞序：
Who do you think he will marry? 你認(rèn)為他會同誰結(jié)婚？
What do you think we should give her? 你認(rèn)為我們該給她點什么呢？
When do you believe he will come? 你認(rèn)為他會什么時候來？
What do you guess he wants to buy? 你猜他想買什么呢？
8. She looks forward every spring to _________ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk inD. walking in
【分析】此題考查的關(guān)鍵是短語 look forward to (盼望)，其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號。由于句中插入了 every spring 這一狀語，使得 look forward 與介詞 to 分離，從而使許多考生誤選。有了以上分析，我們知道，空格前的 to 是介詞，所以后接動詞用動名詞，所以應(yīng)選B或D，由于 pay a visit 后不能帶賓語（比較：pay a visit to 后可帶賓語），所以只能選D。
