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在初中英語(yǔ)中，主要有三大從句，即賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句(包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等)。
在初中英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句僅限于限制性定于從句，但對(duì)初中生來(lái)說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句既是一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。
今天奇速君整理了關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句的知識(shí)，便于同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)/復(fù)習(xí)并鞏固。
定語(yǔ)從句
定義
要學(xué)定語(yǔ)從句，得知道什么是定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞的。例如，a good book, good就是定語(yǔ)。那么復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，在句中作定語(yǔ)。
句型結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)從句中的句型結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，有先行詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.先行詞 定語(yǔ)從句昨天我在校門口看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人是我的英語(yǔ)老師。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose等，絕對(duì)沒(méi)有what;關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why,how等。
關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的某個(gè)成分。I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat. (主語(yǔ))先行詞 關(guān)系代詞我正在等穿著紅色外套的那個(gè)男孩。
The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive.(賓語(yǔ))先行詞 關(guān)系代詞我姐姐上周星期天給我的那本字典很貴。
The woman is his mother whose name is Linda Brown. (定語(yǔ))先行詞 關(guān)系代詞那個(gè)是他的母親，名叫琳達(dá)·布朗。
That is the house where my father used to live.(狀語(yǔ))先行詞 關(guān)系副詞那是我父親曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房子。
關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的具體用法
1. who指人(也可用that)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，也可作賓語(yǔ)。如：
Yesterday I helped an old man who / that lost his way. (主語(yǔ))昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕r Wang is the man (who / that / whom )you met in the zoo this morning.(賓語(yǔ)) 王先生就是今天早上你在動(dòng)物里遇到的那個(gè)人。注意：關(guān)系代詞who指人,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用whom代替;作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。作其它成分，關(guān)系代詞則不能省略。
2. whose指人，也可指物。在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。The boy whose mother is ill is staying at home to look after her today.其母親生病的那個(gè)男孩今天呆在家里照顧她。I have a story book whose cover is red. 我有一本封面是紅色的故事書。
3. which指物(也可用that)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，也可作賓語(yǔ)。如：Football is a game which / that is liked by most boys. (主語(yǔ))足球是被大多數(shù)男孩喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。I don’t believe the news which / that Tom won the game. (同位語(yǔ)我不相信湯姆贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息。
關(guān)系代詞whom, which在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間。
That is the place in which I lived for five years.=That is the place which / that I lived in for five years.那就是我住過(guò)五年的地方。Mr Zhang is the man for whom I am looking.=Mr Zhang is the man who / whom / that I am looking for.張先生就是我正在找的那個(gè)人。
注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for.(正確)(2) this is the watch for which i am looking.(錯(cuò)誤)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that;指物時(shí)用which，不能用that; (1) the man with whom you talked is my friend.(正確) (2) the man who/that you talked with is my friend.(正確)(3) the plane in which we flew to canada is very comfortable. (正確) (4) the plane in that we flew in to canada is very comfortable. (錯(cuò)誤)
3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞 (1) he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
解答"介詞+關(guān)系代詞 "類型的定語(yǔ)從句題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵在于分析定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(該動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞)習(xí)慣上常與什么介詞搭配使用。這就需要同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注重某些不及物動(dòng)詞和介詞慣用的情形，并要靈活運(yùn)用。
例如：in the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ________ she could turn for help.a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom簡(jiǎn)析:本題定語(yǔ)從句中的turn 與介詞 to 構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助)"。所以，d是正確選項(xiàng)。
需要注意的問(wèn)題
1. 先行詞是地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果該先行詞做了定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that或which. 如：
The school that / which I used to study in is becoming better and better.(the school 作了介詞in的賓語(yǔ)。)我過(guò)去曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)的那所學(xué)校變得越來(lái)越好了。先行詞是地點(diǎn)時(shí)，如果該先行詞不作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用where. 如：The place where the accident happened isn’t far from our school.事故發(fā)生的那個(gè)地方離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。(定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞happened是不及物動(dòng)詞，它不跟賓語(yǔ)，而the accident又作了定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，因此該定語(yǔ)從句既不需要主語(yǔ)，也不需要賓語(yǔ)。)
2.只用that，不用which的情況。(1)前有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。This is the tenth gift that I received for my birthday.這是我收到的第十個(gè)生日禮物。(2)前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。That is the most exciting game that I have ever watched.那是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)最令人興奮的比賽。(3)先行詞是all, little, few, something, anything, everything等不定代詞時(shí)。All that he told me is true. 他告訴我的一切是真實(shí)的。(4)先行詞被the only修飾時(shí)。The only thing that I can get is a pen. 我唯一能得到的東西就是一支鋼筆。(5)先行詞既指人，又指物時(shí)。We talked about the people and the things that we were interested in.我們談?wù)摿宋覀兏信d趣的人和事。
3. 只用which，不用that的情況。(1)定語(yǔ)從句是物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)。The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important.老師正在談?wù)摰哪羌路浅Ｖ匾?2)先行詞本身是that, those時(shí)What’s that which is flying in the sky? 在天空中飛的那是什么?
