內(nèi) 容 提 要
英語句子的一般語序為“主語部分+謂語部分”。如果把謂語放到主語前面，我們稱之為倒裝。倒裝分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。把謂語部分完全放到主語前稱為完全倒裝;把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前，我們稱之為部分倒裝。倒裝有多種原因，如：在問句中(Where did he go?)，在there+be結構里，在以here(這里) (Here is another one. )，there(那里) (There is a dog at the door. )等副詞開頭的某些句子里，在祝愿句里(Long live peace!)，在有些感嘆句中(Here comes the bus!)。還有主語部分較長時需要倒裝，強調(diào)句子的某一成分時需要倒裝等等。
I句子結構的需要
一、疑問句的倒裝
1. 疑問句(包括一般與特殊)在直接引語中仍需倒裝
1) A question often posed [A] about journalism is “How much freedom reporters should [B] have in interpreting [C] any given news item [D] ?”
2. 特殊疑問句在從句中為間接引語時不能倒裝
He asked me where I wanted to go.
二、表示前一種也適用于后一種情況的倒裝。
如果第一分句是肯定句，第二分句用so+倒裝結構，如果第一分句是否定句，則用neither, nor, no more
He can’t speak German, (and) neither can I. 他不會說德語，我也不會。
He had no friends nor acquantances, nor did he make any. 他沒有朋友也沒有相識，他也不交朋友。
You haven’t finished reading it, no more have I. 你沒看完，我也一樣(沒看完)。
She is a bit nervous, (and) so am I. 她有點緊張，我也是。
三、虛擬結構中的倒裝
在虛擬結構中的條件從句中，如果if被省略那么were, had或should要移至主語之前(could, might很少引導這樣的倒裝句)。(參見第三章“虛擬語氣”第二節(jié)、5.)
四、有些讓步狀語從句需要倒裝
Come what may, I will go there. 不管發(fā)生什么情況，我都要去。/Change your mind as you will, you will get no supplies. 即使你改變主意，你也不會得到供給品。
五、例題解析
1) B錯。改為should reporters。
II強調(diào)的需要
一、“某些副詞(短語)+助動詞+主語+謂語”的倒裝結構
這些副詞有(just)then, soon, often, only(in this way, then), so(+形容詞), especially, near(+地點名詞或短語), early(+時間狀語), in vain, many a time等等
1) So little about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.
[A] I know
[B] I knew
[C] do I know
[D] did I know
2) a partial answer.
[A] Will be found in this chapter
[B] In this chapter found will be
[C] In this chapter will be found
[D] This chapter will be found in
3) So abundant and so prominent the material benefits of science are [A] that in the eyes of many [B] these seem to be the only [C] benefits which she brings [D] .
注意：上述有些詞如only雖然位于句子的開頭，但它們作形容詞用不是修飾介詞短語或狀語從句，而是修飾名詞或代詞則句子不需倒裝：Only he managed to pass the exam. 只有他設法通過了考試。
二、以表示否定的副詞開始的句子需要倒裝
1. 常見的否定副詞有never, little, nowhere, not only(…but also, as well), not until, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not once, seldom, no sooner
4) France Viuard an excellent political speaker but she was also among the first members of the populist party.
[A] Not only
[B] If only
[C] Only
[D] Not only was
5) At [A] no time China will [B] be the first [C] to use unclear weapons [D] .
6) Never the world has [A] seen so many nations cooperating [B] in such a [C] worthy [D] venture.
2. 但是，否定副詞如果只是限定句子主語而非修飾謂語或全句，則句子不必倒裝
Hardly anyone has seen a man who eats ants. 還沒有人發(fā)現(xiàn)人吃螞蟻。
3. 此外，某些否定詞，如no 、not,修飾主語而不是作狀語時，句子也不必倒裝
No survivor has yet been found. 還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)幸存者。
Not all that glitters is gold. 不是閃光的東西都是金的。
7) Not on dry land.
[A] are all valleys
[B] valleys all are
[C] valleys are all
[D] all valleys are
4. 但當“not a和many a +名詞”位于句首時，要用倒裝語序
Not a word did he say at the meeting. 會上他一句話也沒說。
Many a time has the manager emphasized this point. 經(jīng)理多次強調(diào)這一點。
5. barely、hardly、scarcely和when、before連用，no sooner和than連用，它們位于句首時，為固定的倒裝結構，表示一件事緊接著另一件事發(fā)生，相當于漢語的“一……就……”。但在時態(tài)上，主句一般用過去完成時而從句(when, before或than引導)用過去時。
但表示一般情況時，主句也可用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時
Scarcely has a foreigner set foot in the United States before they ask him what he thinks of the country. 外國人剛?cè)ッ绹?，他們就會問他對該國有什么看法?/p>
No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain. 我剛離開屋子天就下起雨來。
8) Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre the curtain went up. (81年考題)
[A] than
[B] when
[C] before
[D] as soon as
上述句中，若barely, hardly, scarcely, no sooner用于句中，則不必倒裝
I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
三、 介詞短詞+倒裝結構
1. 以下列否定意義的短語為句首的句子應用倒裝語序：under no circumstances, on no account,in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense，這些短語都表示“絕不”。
On no account will my reference books be removed from the library. 絕不可能將參考書帶出圖書館。
At no time shall a student cheat at his exam. 學生任何時候都不允許考試作弊。
9) In [A] no way passengers can [B] smoke in [C] the air?conditioned [D] bus.
上述短語若用于句子中間，則不必用倒裝。
2. 下面-些倒裝句也應引起考生足夠的重視
An old house stood at the side of the hill. →At the side of the hill stood an old house.(本句是為了保持句子平衡，避免主語過長。)
The measure our company took to prevent loss was absurd. →Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.
Those who suffer are blessed. →Blessed are those who suffer.(上兩例用來強調(diào)主語補足語。)
四、為了強調(diào)從句中的某個成分的倒裝：正式文體中，為了強調(diào)從句中的某個成分(通常為補語或狀語)，可將其放在句首，從句由連詞as引導，但這時不用倒裝
Difficult as the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 盡管任務艱巨，他們?nèi)栽O法按時完成了。
Try as you will, you won’t be able to succeed. 盡管你愿意試試，但不會成功。
五、例題解析
1) D為正確答案。
2) C為正確答案。
3) A錯。改為are the material benefits of science。
4) D為正確答案。
5) B錯。 改為will China。
6) A錯。 改為has the world。
7) D為正確答案。
8) B為正確答案。
9) B錯。改為can passengers。
