固定搭配類錯誤
有許多試題,從表面上看是甲結(jié)構(gòu),而實際是乙結(jié)構(gòu);或者命題人考查的是甲結(jié)構(gòu),而應(yīng)試者卻將其誤認(rèn)為是乙結(jié)構(gòu);或者從選項來看是甲結(jié)構(gòu),而題干考查的實際上是乙結(jié)構(gòu);等等。對于這類問題,若不仔細(xì)識別,則很容易出錯。下面請看幾個實例:
◇We keep in touch _________ writing often.
A. with B. ofC. onD. by
這應(yīng)該是一個比較簡單的問題,你能選對嗎?此題考查的是 keep in touch with 這個短語嗎?
◇Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _________ wentwrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repairedD. to be repaired
【分析】此題答案是選B嗎?考查的是“have + 名詞或代詞 + 過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)嗎?
◇Whom would you rather _________ with you, Jim or Jack?
A. have goB. have to go C. have gone D. has to go
從選項來看,似乎選B、C、D均可以,因為 have to go, have gone, has to go 等本身從語法上看都是可能的,而最不可能選的就是A,因為 have go 這結(jié)構(gòu)本身就有點怪,似乎不妥。親愛同學(xué)們,你也這樣認(rèn)為嗎?實話告訴你吧,正確答案正是A,你想知道是為什么嗎?
本節(jié)搜集了一些因同學(xué)們可受結(jié)構(gòu)影響而出錯的典型問題,希望對你的學(xué)習(xí)和解題能有些幫助。
1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _________ the next year.
A. carried outB. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out
【分析】此題結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,語言基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生可能無法理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。正確的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析是這樣的:that they would like to see _________ the next year 是修飾名詞 the plan 的定語從句,而在這個定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞 that (指先行詞 the plan)用作動詞 see 的賓語,所以定語從句的本來面目便是 they would like to see the plan _________ the next year。顯然,其中的 the plan 與空格處的 carry out 有被動關(guān)系,故應(yīng)填過去分詞 carried out,即此題正確答案為A。
2. Use an umbrella to _________ you from the rain.
A. stop B. preventC. keepD. protect
許多同學(xué)一看到題干中的 from,再聯(lián)系到選項中的 prevent,便馬上想起了 prevent … from … 這個常用搭配,于是選擇了B答案。這樣分析的同學(xué),沒有完全弄清 prevent … from … 的用法特點。在 prevent A from B 這一句式中,A 和 B通常具有主謂關(guān)系,如在The rain prevented us fromgoing out (下雨使我們不能出去)中,“我們”與“出去”就具有主謂關(guān)系。而上面一題不具備此特點,此題正確答案應(yīng)是 D,protect…from…意為“保護……免受……”,如下面一題也應(yīng)選 protect:
He was wearing dark glasses to _________ his eyes from the sun.
A. prevent B. protect C. keep D. stop
請再看一例:
He was in great need of money, so he _________ $5000 for his car.
A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent
許多同學(xué)根據(jù)pay…for…這一搭配推斷出此題應(yīng)選A。但是錯了,當(dāng)然若單獨說 He paid $5 000 forthe car (他付了5 000美元買這車) 也沒什么不妥,但問題是,本句前面有這樣一句He was in greatneed of money (他急需要錢),既然是“急需要錢”,又怎么還會花5000美元去買車呢?尤其還需注意的是 car 前的物主代詞 his,這說明是為自己的車花5000美元錢,不合情理。此題的正確答案是B,take 在此表示“獲得”,句意為“他急需要錢,把自己的車以5000美元給賣掉了。”
3. We keep in touch _________ writing often.
A. with B. ofC. on D. by
許多同學(xué)根據(jù) keep in touch with (與……保持聯(lián)系)這一搭配推斷出此題應(yīng)選A。但是選A錯了,因為套此搭配此句意思不通,正確答案應(yīng)是D,by 表示方式,by writing 意為“通過寫信”,全句意為“我們通過經(jīng)常寫信保持聯(lián)系”。請再看幾例(均與介詞搭配有關(guān)):
(1) We’ve talked a lot _________ cars. What about trains?
A. ofB. with C. about D. in
由于受 a lot of 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,許多同學(xué)毫不猶豫地選了A,但是錯了。原因是:若選 of,alot of cars 即為動詞 talk 的賓語,但事實上,動詞 talk 是不及物動詞。正確答案是C,句中的alot是修飾動詞 talked 的狀語,talk about才是一個動詞短語。 全句意為“我們對汽車已談了不少,現(xiàn)在談?wù)劵疖囋趺礃?”
(2) We all regarded the poor old man _________sympathy.
A. asB. with C. ofD. by
許多同學(xué)一看到句中的 regard 和選項中的 as,馬上就聯(lián)想到 regard … as …(把……看作……)這一搭配,從而斷定此題應(yīng)選A。錯了,原因是將此搭配套入原句,句子意思不通。正確答案是B,句意為“我們大家都很同情這位老人”。又如:
Now they regarded her with a new respect. 現(xiàn)在他們對她有了新的崇敬之情。
(3) We’ve decided to leave _________ the farm at once.
A. onB. to C. for D. at
許多同學(xué)知道 farm 前習(xí)慣上要用介詞 on,所以斷定此題應(yīng)選A,但是錯了。最佳答案應(yīng)是C,leave for 意為“動身去”。全句意為“我們決定馬上動身去農(nóng)場”。
(4) “How long have you been here?” “_________ the end of last month.”
A. InB. ByC. AtD. Since
由于 in the end, by the end (of), at the end (of) 等均屬常用搭配,所以許多同學(xué)便將此題的正確答案確定在A、B、C三項之中。而事實上,此題A、B、C均不適合,只有D是最佳的,這與上文的語境有關(guān),上文詢問“多久”,下文理應(yīng)用表示一段時間的短語來回答。
4. Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _________ wentwrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repairedD. to be repaired
這是一道上海高考英語題,答案選C,許多同學(xué)因不能正確分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),不知如何下筆。現(xiàn)分析如下:句中to see 后的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:the washing machine went wrong again.(洗衣機又出毛病了),其中 (that) she had had repaired 套用的句型是“have + 名詞或代詞 + 過去分詞”,即 havethe washing machine repaired;另外,從時間上看,“請人修洗衣機”應(yīng)在“出故障”之前,故 havethe washing machine repaired 用了過去完成時態(tài),即用 had had the washing machine repaired;從修飾角度看,題目中she had had repaired 為修飾名詞 the washing machine 的定語從句(意為“她曾請人修理過的洗衣機”),引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞為 that,因其用作賓語被省略,也正因為如此,題目中的 she had had repaired 的第二個had 后既不能用 the washing machine 或 it,這也就是為什么不能選B的原因。
如果有的同學(xué)還明白,我們可以從反面來分析一下:假若選B,則有 (that) she had had itrepaired,而它作為修飾 the washing machine 的定語從句是有問題的,為什么有問題呢?那是因為 she had had it repaired 這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)(或成分)是完整的,它有主語、有謂語、有賓語,這樣一來,引導(dǎo)這個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 that 就沒有著落了,因為關(guān)系代詞 that 要么作主語(不可省略),要么作賓語(可以省略),而 she had had it repaired 這個定語從句既不缺主語,也不缺賓語,所以錯了。假若去掉其中的 it,即改選C,則對了,因為這樣一來,that 可用作動詞 repaired 的賓語。現(xiàn)在我們將此題改編一下,將其改為:
Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had _________ went wrongagain.
A. it B. it repaired C. repairedD. to be repaired
答案應(yīng)選哪個呢?選B還是C?仍然要選C,但是意思變了,即“她自己修理過的洗衣機又出故障了”,因為此時修飾 the washing machine 的定語從句變成了 she had repaired。不能選B,道理同上。
請比較下面一題:
A computer does only what thinking people _________.
A. have it do B. have it doneC. have done itD. having it done
答案選A,選項中的 it 指的是 the computer,而不是指 the work 之類的。其中的 what 用作動詞 do 的賓語。句意為“人們要計算機做什么,它就做什么”。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said _________ annoyed me.
A. whichB. asC. whatD. that
許多同學(xué)對此題的結(jié)構(gòu)分析感到無從下手。其實,此題為一個強調(diào)句型,空格處應(yīng)填 that (即選D),被強調(diào)成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話,而是他話中的意思”。請再看幾例:
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview _________ probably lost him the job.
A. whichB. sinceC. thatD. what
答案選C,為強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)成分為 his nervousness in the interview,句意為“很可能是面試時表現(xiàn)出緊張,使他失去了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job _________ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. oneB. thatC. whatD. it
答案選B,為強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)成分為 the ability to do the job,句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力,而不是你來自何地或你是從事什么工作的”。