中國(guó)人輕松學(xué)英語(yǔ)常用語(yǔ)法(11)
第十一章 詞組（Phrases）和子句（Clauses）
請(qǐng)看以下的句子，特別注意劃線的字群：
1.Understanding English is easy.
2.I want you to work hard.
3.Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
4.I told him that I was going away.
Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，他們都沒有主詞，也沒有動(dòng)詞，這種字群，叫做詞組（phrase）。
Who has been to England和I was going away中，內(nèi)部都有主詞和動(dòng)詞，這種字群，叫子句（clause）。
由于我們已經(jīng)對(duì)詞組很熟悉，我們?cè)谶@里不再討論，而我們?cè)谶@一章將多多介紹子句的用法。
11§1 問題型式的名詞子句
假如我們說(shuō)〝我不知道他住在哪里〞，或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是個(gè)謎〞，我們就可以用這種問題型式的名詞子句，每一個(gè)名詞子句都要用who, where, whether, which等來(lái)開始。以下是典型的例子：
I don’t know where he came from.（我不知道他來(lái)自何處。）
Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.（他是否是個(gè)美國(guó)人仍然是個(gè)秘密。）
I will find out where he is living.（我要找出他住在哪里。）
I can not remember whether he smokes or not.（我不記得他是否吸煙。）
Please let me know how old he is.（請(qǐng)讓我知道他多大年紀(jì)。）
Kindly tell me what you really need.（請(qǐng)讓我知道你需要什么。）
You have to decide which book you want to buy.（你應(yīng)該決定買哪一本書。）
Do you know where he is from?（你知道他是從哪里來(lái)的？）
Do you know who he is?（你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎？）
Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.（請(qǐng)問你的兄弟他會(huì)不會(huì)來(lái)。）
When she is coming remains a puzzle.（她何時(shí)來(lái)仍然是個(gè)謎。）
I don’t know what he is interested in.（我不知道他的興趣何在。）
I don’t understand what he is talking about.（我不知道他在談什么。）
Do you know whose bicycle this is?（你知道這輛腳踏車是誰(shuí)的嗎？）
Do you know which country Hawaii belongs to?（你知道夏威夷屬于哪一個(gè)國(guó)家嗎？）
You should ask your mother where you were born.
（你應(yīng)該問你的母親你在哪里生的。）
雖然每一個(gè)名詞都有問題的意義，我們卻不能在名詞子句中用問句的型式，因?yàn)楫吘惯@個(gè)名詞子句僅僅是一個(gè)子句而已，它的結(jié)尾并不是〝？〞。
因此以下的句子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊I don’t know where did he come from.
＊I will find out how old is he.
＊Kindly tell me what do you need.
＊You have to decide which book do you want to buy.
＊When is he coming remains a puzzle.
【練習(xí)四十八】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文：
1.我不知道你是誰(shuí)。
2.請(qǐng)告訴我你是否是美國(guó)人。
3.我不記得你是否喝咖啡。
4.請(qǐng)問你的姊姊她去年是否去過日本。
5.你知道他是誰(shuí)嗎？
6.他從哪里來(lái)的是一個(gè)謎（puzzle）。
7.我要找出他哥哥會(huì)不會(huì)游泳。
8.我知道他為何如此悲傷。
9.你知道瑪麗什么時(shí)候來(lái)嗎？
10. 你知道發(fā)生了什么事嗎？
11. 我知道天空為什么是藍(lán)的。
12. 請(qǐng)告訴我你去年去哪里工作的。
13. 你知道他在談什么嗎？
14. 我不懂他的問題是什么。
【練習(xí)四十九】
改錯(cuò)：
1.Please tell me why is he so sad.
2.I do not know where is she from.
3.Please tell me how many people are there in this house.
4.Let me know how old are you.
5.Is he a Japanese is a mystery.
6.Do you know who is the president of the United States?
7.May I ask you which kind of coffee do you like?
8.I can not remember how old am I?
9.What is he talking about is unclear to me.
10. Do you know why is he coming?
【練習(xí)五十】
選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~，如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格（有時(shí)會(huì)有多種正確的填法）：
1. I don’t know book you bought.
2. Do you know he is from?
3. Please ask him he drinks tea or not.
4. he is thinking about is well known to all of us.
5. Let me guess old you are.
6. May I ask you are so sad?
7. I don’t know he is.
8. Do you know house this is?
9. This is not I want.
10. I don’t care you want to say.
11§2 以that開始的名詞子句
現(xiàn)在我們先試著翻譯以下的句子：
地球是圓的是眾所周知的事。
一種直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆g是：
＊The earth is round is known to everyone.
遺憾的是，以上的句子是不對(duì)，我們必須加一個(gè)that到名詞子句里去，以下的翻譯是正確的：
That the earth is round is known to everyone.
我們?cè)賮?lái)翻譯一個(gè)中文句子：
我要求他一定要用功念書。
直接了當(dāng)?shù)姆g可能像下面的：
＊I demand he must work hard.
這是錯(cuò)的，我們應(yīng)該加一個(gè)that在這個(gè)名詞子句的前面。以下的翻譯才是正確的：
I demand that he must work hard.
雖然我們常看到這種that被省略的情形，我們?nèi)韵Ｍ蠹抑溃瑸楸ｋU(xiǎn)起見，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：
That the sun rises from the west is wrong.（太陽(yáng)從西方升起是錯(cuò)的）
That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.
（大批猶太人在第二次大戰(zhàn)中被殺是歷史上的事實(shí)）
I didn’t know that he is such a diligent student.（我不知道他是如此勤快的學(xué)生）
I demand that you go away.（我要求你離開）
I suggest that you go swimming every morning.（我建議你每天早上游泳）
That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
（我們?cè)摻毯⒆觽冏鹁锤改福?/p>
I don’t think that he is a good athlete.（我不認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好運(yùn)動(dòng)員）
Do you think that she is a good actress?（你認(rèn)為她是一個(gè)好的演員嗎？）
That he can speak good English helps him.（他能說(shuō)很好的文，這點(diǎn)對(duì)他很有幫助）
I propose that we get married.（我建議我們結(jié)婚）
Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
（我們永遠(yuǎn)記住世界上有很多窮人）
Never forget that we should always love one another.（不要忘記我們應(yīng)該互相友愛）
I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.（我很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)他是個(gè)天主教徒）
That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.（我們輸了，這件事令我們大感沮喪）
I can hardly believe that his English is so good.（我不能相信他的英文如此之好）
【練習(xí)五十一】
請(qǐng)將that加到以下句子去：
1.＊I told you you must leave.
2.＊I am glad you are here now.
3.＊He is an American is unknown to us.
4.＊Can you imagine he is Chinese?
5.＊Do you think he is a Chinese?
6.＊Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.
7.＊I do not think he is a bad student.
8.＊I am surprised to know she is from Japan.
9.＊It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
10.＊Do you believe he is innocent?
11.＊I demand my students they work hard.
12.＊The sun rises in the east is a fact.
