1)have +過去分詞,構成完成時態(tài),例如:
He has left for London.他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末為止,他們已經完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞,構成完成進行時,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學英語,已達十年之久。
3)have+been +過去分詞,構成完成式被動語態(tài),例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國教英語已經多年。
助動詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞,構成進行時態(tài),例如:
They are having a meeting.他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2)be + 過去分詞,構成被動語態(tài),例如:
The window was broken by Tom..窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英語。
3) be + 動詞不定式,可表示下列內容:
a. 表示最近、未來的計劃或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week..他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons.我們要教新生。
說明: 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態(tài)表達法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this.對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午來辦公室。
c.征求意見,例如:
How am I to answer him?我該怎樣答復他?
Who is to go there?誰該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。